Yangtze Patrol: American Naval Forces in China
A Selected, Partially-Annotated Bibliography

Agnew, James B. “Coalition warfare – Relieving the Peking Legations, 1900.” Military Review, October 1976, v. 56, pages 58-70.

Albion, Robert G., “Distant Stations.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1954, v. 80, pages 265-273.

“American Industry in Shanghai.” Literary Digest, 29 January 1927, v. 92, page 63.

“American Note to Nationalists.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1928, v. 54, page 619.

“American Progress at Shanghai.” Literary Digest, 20 March 1926, v. 88, page 20.

“Americanization of Shanghai.” Living Age, 18 July 1925, v. 326, pages 140-142.

“Anti-Banditry Operations.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1931, v. 57, page 701.

Describes “chaotic, lawless” conditions on the Yangtze ameliorated only by “continuous” patrolling of foreign gunboats, including the five ships of the Yangtze Patrol which had been fired upon thirty times in seven months.

“Associated American Chambers in China Hold Successful Meeting.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1924, v. 50, pages 318-320.

Summarizes various pieces of business discussed at a meeting of the American Chambers of Commerce in China including a call for the “improvement” of the Yangtze Patrol.

Baker, Jown W. and Lee C. Dickson. “Army Forces in Riverine Operations.” Military Review, 1967, v. 47, n. 8, pages 64-74.

Discusses 140 years of riverine warfare conducted by United States forces including those along the Yangtze from 1927 to 1932.

Barrow, Clay. “Midshipman Tolley.” Naval History. September/October 1995, v. 9, n. 5, pages 17-21.

A profile of Kemp Tolley, “one of the most colorful men in the history of the U.S. Navy,” by a former editor of the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. Tolley wrote Yangtze Patrol, Cruise of the Lanikai, Caviar and Commissars and dozens of published articles.

Bellah, J.W. “The Grand Manner of Josiah Tattnall.” Shipmate, December 1965, v. 28, pages 4-7.

Bevan, James. “From Filipinos to Boxers in 1900.” Leatherneck, April 1935, v. 18, pages 5-7 and 65-66.

The U.S. Marines in the Battle of Tientsin, the march to Peking, and occupation duties.

Bevan, James. “With the U.S. Marines on the March to Peking, China, 1900.” Leatherneck, June-July 1935, v. 18, pages 5-7 and 55-65.

Also describes the battle for Peking.

Bisson, T.A. “The United States and the Far East: A Survey of the Relations of the United States with China and Japan, September 1, 1930 to September 1, 1931.” Pacific Affairs, January 1932, v. 5, pages 66-81.

Bradford, Richard H. “That Prodigal Son: Philo McGiffin and the Chinese Navy.” American Neptune, July 1978, v. 38, pages 157-169.

Philo McGiffin, a Naval Academy graduate, joined the Chinese navy and fought the Japanese.

Brown, W.F. “Fiat Justitia, Ruat Caeleum, Chinese Style.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1938, v. 64, pages 1585-1588.

Bruce, Bryson. “River Gunboats for Yangtze Service.” Far Eastern Review, December 1928, v. 24, pages 128-134.

Buckley, Thomas H. “Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. By Kemp Tolley.” The Journal of American History, September 1972, v. 59, no. 2, pages 453-454.

Butler, Smedley D. “American Marines in China.” Annals of the American Academy. July 1929, v. 144, pages 128-134.

Carlson, Evans F. “Legal Bases for the Use of Foreign Armed Forces in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1936, v. 62, pages 1544-1548.

Eight pages of photographs and drawings follow the article.

Carter, A. F. “The Upper Yangtze River.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1917, v. 43, pages 325+.

Chin, G. B. “China’s Leader and Her Military Situation in Pre-War Days.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1944, v. 70, pages 1227-1232.

Written by a Chinese-American who joined the Chinese navy in 1936 and fought the Japanese.

“China” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1927, v. 53, page 392.

This short piece refers to 16 pages of interesting photographs and drawings of Chinese scenes inserted between pages 382 and 383 of the same issue.

“China and the Western Powers.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1927, v. 53, pages 710-711.

“Chinese Anarchy.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1926, v. 52, pages 2354-2357.

Describes the dangerous situation on the Yangtze and recounts an incident which resulted in the deaths of British sailors.

“Chinese Bandits Hold Foreigners.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1923, v. 49, pages 1231-1232.

Short contemporary account of bandits derailing a train from Shanghai and taking Americans prisoner. Release of the captives was noted in the August 1923 issue of the Proceedings, volume 49, page 1388.

“Civil War in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1924, v. 50, page 1938.

Reports the landing of 1,000 marines from American and other nation’s ships at Shanghai during the Chinese battle for control of the city.

Clark, George R. “When the Navy Railroaded in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1927, v. 53, pages 846-852.

At the time of the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.

Clay, James P. “Pearl River Log: A Different Navy, A Different World.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1970, v. 96, pages 58-67.

Coffin, C. E. “Effects of Aerial Bombardment in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1938, v. 64, pages 1317-1319.

Eyewitness report by a U.S. Navy lieutenant of the bombing of Japanese-held cities along the Yangtze.

Coffman, Edward M. “The American 15th Infantry Regiment in China, 1912-1938: A Vignette in Social History.” Journal of Military History, January 1994, v. 58, no. 1, pages 57-62.

Written from an Army perspective, this article nevertheless offers good insights into the lives of all American military officers and men in China up to World War II. It unabashedly addresses the twin problems of alcoholism and venereal disease. The footnotes reveal valuable sources of primary information.

“Conditions of Service in China.” Infantry Journal, August 1926, v. 29, pages 167-174.

Coontz, Robert E. “The Navy and Business.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1922, v. 58, pages 987-1004.

Cope, Jesse D. “American Troops in China – Their Mission.” Infantry Journal, March-April 1931, v. 38, pages 174-177.

“Coup at Chefou.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1928, v. 54, page 810.

One paragraph reporting the wounding of an American sailor in fighting between Nationalists and warlords.

Crawford, Danny J. “Two Centuries of teamwork: U.S. Marines and the Foreign Service.” Shipmate, November 1980, pages 23-27.

Davidson, William C. “Operations in North China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 1900, v. 26, pages 637-647.

Memoirs of an American naval lieutenant who served during the Boxer Rebellion.

Davis, J.P. “Shanghai: A City Ruled by Five Nations.” Current History, August 1926, v. 24, pages 747-752

Illustrated.

Dietrich, Robert. “Yangtze River Patrol was no Country Club; U.S. Sailors Reunite to Recall Horrors of 1930s China.” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 14, 1990, Monday, Local; Ed. 1,2,3,4,5; page B-3.

Dolsen, J.H. “Foreign Rule in Shanghai.” Nation, 24 November 1926, v. 123, page 542.

Eyre, James K. “The Civil War and Naval Action in the Far East.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1942, v. 68, pages 1543-1548.

Eller, E. M. “United States Disaster in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1949, v. 75, pages 739+.

Elliston, Herbert B. “The President as Diplomat: Note to Japan’s Emperor on the Panay Incident.” Christian Science Monitor Magazine, 19 January 1938, pages 3-6.

Fenn, C. H. “American Marines in the Siege of Peking.” Independent, 29 November 1900, v. 52, pages 2845-2849.

“Fighting Pirates in China.” Popular Mechanics, February 1927, v. 47, pages 194-197.

An illustrated account from an unexpected source.

“Fleet of the Allied Powers in Chinese Waters.” Scientific American, Supplement, 15 September 1900, v. 50, pages 20658-20659.

At the time of the Boxer Rebellion.

Flynn, John T. “The Brainbuster and His Son: Why We are to Have a Large Army and Navy.” New Republic, 23 November 1938, v. 97, pages 74-75.

Concerns the USS Panay sinking by the Japanese on the Yangtze.

Frank, Benis M. “Shanghai’s 4th Marines: The Glory Days of the Old Corps.” Shipmate, November 1979, pages 13-18.

Gaines, John. “A Chinese River Brings Them Back.” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 5, 1990, Saturday, Local; Ed. 5,6; page B-2; Ed. 2,3,4, page B-1.

Gale, Esson M. “The Yangtze Patrol.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1955, v. 81, pages 306-315.

An anecdotal account of the life and times of American naval personnel stationed in China, mainly during the first quarter of the twentieth century.

Gannett, L.S. “International Settlement of Shanghai.” Nation, 13 April 1927, v. 124, pages 406-408.

Gardner, K.N. “The Beginning of the Yangtze River Campaign of 1926-1927. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1932, v. 58, pages 40-44.

Gilbert, R. “Bedlam in Shanghai.” Asia, April 1932, v. 32, pages 208-215.

Includes maps and illustrations.

Greene, W.W. “Shanghai, 1937.” Marine Corps Gazette, November 1965, v. 34, pages 62-63.

Growald, R.H. “When Japan Sank the Panay in '37, La Mesa's Anders was Aboard.” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 12, 1989, Thursday, LOCAL; Ed. 1,4,5,6, page B-3; Ed. 2,3, page II-3.

Gulliver, Louis J. “The Yangtze U.S. Gunboats.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1942, v. 68, pages 1285-1287.

Harris, Paul. “Cultural Imperialism and American Protestant Missionaries: Collaboration and Dependency in Mid-Ninteenth-Century China.” Pacific Historical Review, August 1991, v. 60, n. 3, page 309+.

Explores the question of missions in China and cultural imperialism.

Heinl, Robert D. “Hell in China.” Marine Corps Gazette, November 1959, v. 43, pages 55-68.

Marines in the Boxer Rebellion, 1900.

Hersey, John Richard. “Marine in China.” Life, 27 May 1946, v. 20, pages 17-18+.

Hobart, Alice T. “What Happened at Nanking.” Harper’s Weekly, July 1927, v. 155, pages 129-137.

Hornbeck, Stanley K. “China and American Foreign Policy.” Annals, American Academy of Political and Social Science, July 1928, v. 138, pages 26-37.

Hornbeck was Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs for the Department of State at the time he wrote this article. His “interpretation” of America’s China policy is important and interesting but his perspective must always be remembered while reading the article.

Howell, Glenn. “Army-Navy Game: Or, No Rules of the Road.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1938, v. 64, pages 1435-1438.

______. “Ascent of the Min.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1939, v. 65, pages 709-713.

______. “The Battle of Wanhsien.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1927, v. 53, pages 527-533.

______. “Captain Plant.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1929, v. 55, pages 206-208.

Human interest story about the Yangtze gorges and a beloved British member of the Chinese Customs Service on the River. Story is followed by 16 pages of photographs depicting the river, the gorges, towns and other scenery.

______. “Chungking to Ichang.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1938, v. 65, pages 1312-1316.

Note that dramatic and rare photographs of the river, gorges and gunboats accompany this article on pages 1381 to 1388.

______. “Hwan Tsao.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1938, v. 64, pages 1151-1155.

______. “Lost, Strayed, or Stolen – Four Gunboats.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1930, v. 56, pages 281-284.

______. “Operations of the United States Navy on the Yangtze River – September 1926 to June 1927.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1928, v. 54, pages 273-286.

______. “Opium Obligato.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1938, v. 64, pages 1729-1735.

Tales about the gunboat USS Palos in China.

Hudson, M.O. “International Problems at Shanghai.” Foreign Affairs, October 1927, v. 6, pages 75-88.

A map accompanies the article.

Hutchins, Charles T. “Why This Chaos in China?” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1927, v. 53, page 421.

Jacobs, V.F.G. “Port of Call.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1939, v. 65, pages 172-176.

Jacobus, Stephen “Shakey Jake”. “Tolley’s Way – One Gentleman’s Adventurous Naval Career.” Naval History, September/October 1995, v. 9, n.5, pages 22-23.

Biographical sketch of Admiral Kemp Tolley, author of Yangtze Patrol, who served in China and many other adventurous places.

Jensen, Owen Ernest. “Escape from Shanghai, Fourth Marines Leave China Just Before War.” Leatherneck, January 1943, v. 26, pages 24-25+.

Johnson, Felix L. “The Asiatic Station.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1932, v. 58, pages 697-700.

An officer’s impressions of duty in the Far East and his advice to others assigned there.

______. “Naval Activities on the Yangtze.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1927, v. 53, pages 506-514.

Johnston, Lucius F. “Shanghai Reviewed.” Leatherneck, August 1946, v. 29, page 407.

Kublin, Hyman. “A Commander for China [Response].” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1955, v. 81, pages 584-585.

Added comment on the career of Philo McGiffin as told by Richard Patterson in an article in the December 1954 Proceedings.

“Last Review: “Mounted Marines in China Disbanded.” Time, 7 March 1938, v. 31, page 17.

“Last Word.” Time, 10 January 1938, v. 31, page 25.

A report on the USS Panay incident.

“Leaders and Armies of Rebellious China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, October 1926, v. 52, pages 2124-2133.

Contemporaneous article reprinted from August 1926 National Review describing the military situation in China.

Lederer, W. J. “American Navy in the Middle of China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1942, v. 68, pages 1142-2254.

The story of the USS Tutuila, at the time, the last American gunboat remaining on the Yangtze. It was turned over to the Chinese government in March 1942. The story is followed by eight pages of photographs.

Lee, J.A. “Between the Wars in the Far East.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1939, v. 65, pages 63-73.

Leventhal, Robert M. “China Marine.” Marine Corps Gazette. November 1972, v. 56, pages 36-42.

Livermore, Seward W. “American Naval Base Policy in the Far East, 1850-1914.” Pacific Historical Review, March 1944, v. 13, pages 113-135.

Manning, George C. “Yangtze: A Naval Constructor Goes to Sea with the Fresh Water Navy.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1934, v. 60, pages 221-229.

Martin, W.A. “Chinese Provincial Names.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1930, v. 56, pages 734-736.

Map and description of Chinese place names including the location of a few American gunboats.

Maybon, G.B. “Shanghai: Queen of the Pacific.” Living Age, 15 December 1927, v. 333, pages 1106-1111.

McCracken, Alan R. “Canton Flower Boat.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1952, v. 78, pages 369-377.

Article about the USS Mindanao, commanded by the author, a US Navy gunboat that patrolled the waters of the Pearl River, below the Yangtze in South China. Page 368 shows a photograph of the ship.

McKee, Oliver. “Uncle Sam’s Chinese Patrol.” National Republic, May 1929, v. 17, pages 14-15.

“Membership: China Service Medal Spells Eligibility.” VFW, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, August 1998, v. 85, n. 11, page 46.

Describes the two historical periods, 7 July 1937 to 7 September 1939 and 2 September 1945 to 1 April 1957 for which participating navy and marine veterans are eligible to receive the China Service Medal.

Merrill, James M. “The Asiatic Squadron: 1835-1907.” American Neptune. April 1969, v. 29, pages 106-117.

Metcalf, Clyde H. “The Marines in China.” Marine Corps Gazette. September 1938, v. 22, pages 35-37 and 53-58.

A narrative of Marine activities in China 1900-1901, 1911-1912, 1924-1925, 1927-1929, and 1931-1938, including some discussion of tactics employed against bandits and guerrillas.

Miles, Milton E. “U.S. Naval Group, China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1946, v. 72, pages 921-931.

A report of the operations of the Sino-American Cooperative Organization, a guerrilla-type organization of some 2,500 U.S. Navy, Army, and Marine personnel training guerrilla forces in China, 1953-1945, and conducting guerrilla raids on Japanese forces throughout China.

Millard, Thomas F. “American Wireless Blocked in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1926, v. 52, pages 1208-1212.

This description of the struggle to install and control wireless communication in China is somehow evocative of the present day situation with the Internet.

______. “Shanghai: International Danger-Spot.” Nation, 22 June 1927, v. 124, pages 689-691.

Moley, Raymond. “Appeal to Heaven.” Newsweek, 27 December 1937, v. 10, page 44

Report on the sinking of the USS Panay by the Japanese.

Morton, Louis. “Army and Marines on the China Station: A Study in Military and Political Rivalry.” Pacific Historical Review. February 1960, v. 29, pages 51-73.

Moskin, J. Robert. “Tracing the Footsteps of the 4th Marines in Shanghai.” Fortitudine: Newsletter of the Marine Corps Historical Program. Winter 1986-1987, v. 16, n. 3, pages 13-16.

Myers, John. “Military Operations and Defenses of the Siege of Peking.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 1902, v. 28, pages 541-551.

Myers was commander of the Marines guarding the Peking legations during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion.

“Nanking Rule Assailed.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1931, v. 57, pages 844-845.

Report on an emotional appeal to U.S. Secretary of State Stimson to save the lives of kidnapped missionaries.

O’Connor, Richard. Spirit Soldiers: A Historical Narrative of the Boxer Rebellion. New York: Putnam, 1973. 380 pages.

Okumiya, Masatake and Roger Pineau. “How the Panay was Sunk.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1953, v. 79, pages 587-596.

The first account of the USS Panay attack given to Americans by an actual Japanese participant. The article supports the Japanese contention that it was a mistake. Page 586 shows a photograph of the sinking ship and another of the survivors attending to their wounded among the rushes on the river bank. Two diagrams illustrating the positioning of ships and the route of the air attack accompany the article on page 591.

“Operations in China, 1926-1927.” Marine Corps Gazette, September 1927, v. 12, pages 179-183.

“Panay Backwash.” Literary Digest, 1 January 1938, v. 125, page 11.

“Panay Bombed and Sunk.” Literary Digest, 25 December 1937, v. 124, pages 10-11.

“Panay Incident Closed?.” Literary Digest, 8 January 1938, v. 125, pages 7-8.

“Panay Pandemonium.” Time, 27 December 1937, v. 30, pages 7-8.

“Panay Repercussions.” Time, 3 January 1938, v. 31, pages 7-8.

“Paradoxical Shanghai.” Literary Digest, 6 June 1931, v. 109, pages 13+.

Illustrated.

Patterson, Richard O. “A Commander for China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1954, v. 80, pages 1366-1375.

Biographical sketch of Philo McGiffin, 1884 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. The Navy, at a nadir, commissioned only the top dozen graduates that year so McGiffin traveled to China because he heard it was building a modern marine fighting force. He joined the Chinese navy and commanded the battleship Chen Yuen at the battle of Yalu against the Japanese in 1894. McGiffen, suffering from severe ill-health took his own life in 1897 at 37 years of age. Article includes photographs.

Paullin, Charles O. “The American Navy in the Orient in Recent Years.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1911, v. 37, pages 1137-1175.

______. “The American Navy in the Orient in Recent Years.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1912, v. 38, pages 87-115.

Paulson, George E. “Petrel Shows the Flag.” American Neptune, April 1980, volume 40, pages 100-107.

Perry, Hamilton Darby. “Rehearsal for World War II.” American Heritage, April 1967, v. 18, pages 40-45+.

Pfaff, Roy. “Legal Bases for the Use of Foreign Armed Forces in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1936, v. 62, page 397.

This is a response to Evans Carlson’s article of the same title in the November 1936 issue of the Proceedings.

______. “Sea Duty on the Yangtze.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1933, v. 59, pages 1612-1622.

Pineau, Roger. “U.S.S. Noa at Nanking.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1955, v. 81, pages 1221-1228.

Porter, W. B. “Gunboat Saga.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1944.

“Protection of American Interests.” Marine Corps Gazette, September 1927, v. 12, pages 175-178.

Quynn, Allen G. “Capture of Amoy, China, by a Japanese Naval Landing Force.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1939, v. 65, pages 815-818.

Personal account of the Japanese attack from the perspective of an American naval officer. Preceded by eight pages of photographs.

“Reds Capture Changsha.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, September 1930, v. 56, page 876.

Map and two paragraphs reporting the plundering of the city of Changsha by Communists and the rescue of foreigners by American, British, and Japanese gunboats.

Rentfrow, Frank H. “In Many a Strife, We’ve Fought for Life.” Leatherneck, July 1931, v. 14, pages 10-11 and 47-49

The Marines in the Boxer Rebellion.

“Religious Massacre in Kansu.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, February 1931, v. 57, page 277.

Claims massacre of 30,00 Chinese Christians by Chinese Muslims in December 1930 and the killing of 200,000 in 1928.

“Remember the Panay.” Time, 2 October 1939, v. 34, page 25.

Roberts, F.N. “The First Battalion, 15th Infantry.” Infantry Journal, April 1927, v. 40, n. 4, pages 364-366.

Roberts, Stephen S. “The Decline of the Overseas Station Fleets: The United States Navy and the Shanghai Crisis, 1932.” American Neptune, July 1977, v. 37, pages 185-202.

Rosenberg, David A. “Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China.” Military Affairs, October 1974, v. 38, page 120.

A review of Kemp Tolley’s book on the Yangtze Patrol.

Settle, T.G.W. “Last Cruise of the Palos.” Shipmate, April 1961, v. 24, pages 2-6.

“Shanghai Duty 1937-1938, How Bittersweet it Was.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1974.

Sheehan, J.M. “From the Side Lines.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1939, v. 65, pages 33-37.

______. “Nanking.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1943, v. 69, pages 1189-1195.

______. “The Gorges of the Yangtze Kiang.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1943, v. 69, pages 1418-1426.

“Sinking of a Gunboat Changes the Aspect of the China War.” Newsweek, 27 December 1937, v. 10, page 546.

Pertains to the sinking of the USS Panay on the Yangtze by the Japanese.

“Sinking of the Panay.” Christian Century, 22 December 1937, v. 54, pages 1582-1583.

Smith, Allen E. “A China Tour.” Shipmate, July-August 1977, v. 40, pages 29-30.

Smith, Oliver P. “We Will Do Our Best.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1928, v. 54, pages 979-992.

The Marine defense of the Peking legations during the Boxer uprising.

Smith, Roy C. “The Last Powder Monkey.” American Heritage, July-August 1996, v. 47, n. 4, pages 86+.

A man tells of his time aboard the U.S. navy destroyer Noa in 1927 at Shanghai at the time of the Chinese civil war. Only 13 years old, he transported gunpowder on the ship during the the bombardment of Nanking.

______. “Nanking, 24 March 1927.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1928, v. 54, pages 1-21.

______. “Protection of American Nationals in China.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1930, v. 56, pages 1097-1104.

Includes first publication of “Outline Scheme of Action in the Event of Interference with Foreigners at Nanking.” The article is preceded by several pages of photographs depicting U.S. gunboats, the gorges of the Yangtze, and other scenes along the river.

Smith-Hutton, H.H. “Lessons Learned at Shanghai in 1932.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, August 1938, v. 64, pages 1167-1174.

Snow, Edgar. “Americans in Shanghai.” American Mercury, August 1930, v. 20, pages 437-445.

Stolley, Fred. “1927-1937 --- 40 Years Pass in Review.” Leatherneck, November 1957, v. 40, n. 11, pages 26-31.

A general summary of Marine participation in China, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the development of amphibious doctrine.

Strawn, Silas H. “American Policy in China.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July 1928, v. 138, pages 38-45.

The author was president of the American Bar Association and a United States delegate to the Chinese Customs Tariff Conference. He was Chairman of the Commission on Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in China from 1925-1926.

Sutliff, R.C. “Duty in a Yangtze Gunboat.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, July 1935, v. 61, pages 981-984.

Swanson, Harlan J. “The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1967, v. 93, pages 26-37.

“… Ambassador Johnson received a phone call from Dr. Taylor, an American medical missionary doctor at Anking, who reported that he had received a phone call from George Atcheson, Jr., Second Secretary of the Embassy in China, who had been on board the Panay, that the gunboat had been bombed and sunk … the Standard Oil ships anchored nearby also had been sunk and … some of the survivors were seriously wounded.” From the source document.

Tate, E. Mowbray. “Admiral Bell and the New Asiatic Squadron, 1865-1868.” American Neptune, April 1972, v. 32, pages 123-135.

______. “U.S. Gunboats on the Yangtze: History and Political Aspects, 1842-1922.” Studies on Asia, 1966, v. 12, pages 121-132.

Taussig, Joseph K. “Experiences During the Boxer Rebellion.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1927, v. 53, pages 403-420.

Tolley, Kemp. “The Chameleon.” Shipmate, October 1966, v. 29, pages 2-5.

______. “Chinese Huntsman.” Shipmate, June-July 1966, v. 29, pages 12-16.

______. “A Day in the Life of a Chungking Gunboat.” Shipmate, June-July 1967, v. 30, pages 8-12 and 17.

______. “Three Piecee and Other Dollars Mex.” Shipmate, July 1965, v. 28, pages 8-10.

______. “YangPat – Shanghai to Chungking.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1963, v. 89, pages 80-89.

This article emphasizes United States gunboat operations during the years 1937 to 1941.

“Wanhsien Epic” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1927, v. 53, page 392.

“War on Red Banditry.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, December 1930, v. 56, page 1159.

Two paragraph account describing “violent bandit outrages” and an attack on USS Luzon by Chinese shore batteries.

Wells, Forrest H. “Chinese Lines of Communication and Their Effect on Strategy.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1934, v. 60, pages 1519-1525.

A U.S. Navy lieutenant describes how geography in China influences military actions, tactics and strategies. Includes a map.

Wenger, J.N. “China Coasting with the Asiatic Fleet.” Asia, January 1931, v. 31, pages 14-21.

Illustrated.

“West River Pirates.” China Gunboatman, Spring 1986, pages 6-8.

Wharton, Wallace S. “Our Chinese Navy.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1925, v. 51, pages 68-82.

Wheeler, Gerald E. “The United States Navy in the Pacific, 1919-1941.” World Affairs, October 1959, v. 30, pages 199-225.

“Why American Gunboats Patrol the Yangtze.” Living Age, 15 February 1927, v. 332, pages 322-324.

Winslow, Cameron. “Action on the Yangtze.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, April 1937, v. 63, pages 491-494.

“With the Chinese Pirates.” Popular Mechanics, February 1932, v. 57, pages 266-271.

An illustrated account from an unexpected source.

Woodward, J. J. “Recent Light Draught Gunboats for the U.S. Navy.” Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1894, v. 2, pages 285-295.

Wurtsbaugh, Daniel W. “The Seymour Relief Expedition.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 1902, v. 28, pages 207-219.

Action during China’s Boxer Rebellion.