Needham, Charles E. and Joseph E. Crepeau. Calculational Investigation for Mine-Clearance Experiments. Final report. Albuquerque, NM: Systems Science and Software, Inc., August 1981. 70p.
ABSTRACT: The detonation of military line charges is being considered as a means to clear battlefields of implanted pressure-sensitive
antitank mines. Such charges have an undesirable characteristic, however, in that, for distances less than about 1 m from
the line charge, phase duration of the positive overpressure is too short to detonate the mines. This region in which mine
clearance may not occur is called the skip zone.... Line-Charge Effects, Mine Clearance, Skip Zone, Airblast, Hydrodynamic
Computer Calculations, High Explosive Experiments, Line Charge Experiments, Line-Charge Calculations, and Charge Configuration
Improvement.
REPORT NUMBER: SSS-R-81-5149
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A259 255
Nelson, John D. Clearing the Paths to Peace: Humanitarian Demining in Peace Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, December 1996. 60p.
ABSTRACT: This monograph discusses the necessity for conducting humanitarian demining during the initial stages of a peace operation
in a region contaminated with landmines. The removal of landmines will be an essential task as part of a peace operation in
order to return a region to peace and stability. This monograph explores how landmines affect all aspects life within a region
and demonstrates that for a peace operation to be successful removal of mines must be planned for early. The monograph first
examines the nature of the mine threat in regions that have emerged from conflict, and how the landmine has affected the economic
life, repatriation of refugees, protection of humanitarian aid, and protection of peace forces. Next, the doctrine of peace
operations was examined in light of this landmine threat. From this an essential task early in peace operations was determined
to be demining. Next, landmine removal policy and doctrine, for the U.S. military, and U.S. Army specifically, was examined.
A possible demining doctrine for U.S. Forces was proposed as a result of this examination. The role of Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) and Private Volunteer Organizations (PVOs) involved in demining was explored. Finally, a case study was examined from
Somalia. The criteria that was used to examine the case was that developed in the previous sections. Somalia demonstrated
that peace operations, conducted in a region contaminated with landmines, will have to remove landmines as an essential task
to ensure the success in the early stages.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A324 396
_______. Ending the Legacy of War: Long-Term Solutions to Humanitarian Demining in Peace Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 1997. 57p.
ABSTRACT: This monograph discusses the importance of planning for long-term demining in the early stages of a peace operation. Planning
and coordinating for the long-term demining of a nation emerging from conflict will be critical to the success of the rebirth
of that society economically, politically, socially, and psychologically. Unless there is a long-term self-sustaining solution
to deal with the legacy of war, the landmine, all efforts involved with redevelopment may be wasted. The monograph explores
how landmines present a complex multi-faceted problem to the nation emerging from conflict. The landmine will effect the redevelopment
of the nation economically. This will be especially true for nations that have agrarian based economies. The landmine will
affect the psychosocial healing of a nation, meaning that for a nation to heal itself psychologically from war the threat
to personal security must be removed. As long as landmines remain under the lands of a nation rebuilding a shattered society
cannot fully take place. United States and United Nations policy concerning humanitarian demining was examined. The United
States to provide assistance to nations involved in demining their nations. The nation must be willing to help itself and
must accept United States assistance. The United Nations policy regarding humanitarian demining has been to include this as
a task in the mandate of the peacekeeping forces. However, the United Nations does not have policy in place to ensure the
success of long-term demining. The requirements to secure international resources, both financial and technical was developed.
Many International Organizations will be involved in raising capital to demine a nation, to include the World Bank.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A331 393
Nikolaidis, Dimitrios. Detection of Mines Using Hyperspectral Analysis. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1996. 63p.
ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the development of computer algorithms that can be used for automatic mine detection using hyperspectral
imagery. These algorithms perform a pixel-by-pixel comparison of the scene spectra with the spectrum of a mine. The goal is
to assign to every pixel a scale factor which gives the relative probability of finding a mine. Algorithms were tested on
simulated data taken from the NPS Middle Ultraviolet Spectrograph (MUSTANG). Three computer methods are tested and relative
results were compared. This analysis suggests that the potential exists to use these methods in military applications. The
ability to identify features in an image based solely on their spectral signature provides a new dimension to imagery interpretation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A311 744
Nolan, R. V. and D. L. Gravitte. Mine-Detecting Canines. Summary report. 1975-1976. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility equipment Research and Development Command, September 1977. 83p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes the rationale, protocol, and results of a series of four field tests designed to determine the merits
of canines as mine/booby-trap/explosives detection systems. The report begins with a discussion of the factors which led to
selection of the dog as the optimum choice for detection service. This is followed by discussion of factors pertinent to an
understanding of the results; i.e., the use of the full-reinforcement and partial-reinforcement operant conditioning regimens
used to train the animals; the anticipated tactical operational environments and the choice of test site analogs to these
areas; the nature of the test lanes and of the test protocol. Results are presented in several formats so that every significant
finding will be evident to the reader. The report concludes with the general statement that, based upon the most objective
test and data analysis possible at this time, canines are the most effective and versatile mine/booby-trap/explosives detection
systems available for immediate use in either military or civilian applications.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A048 748
Novikov, M. Clearing Mines in Algeria. Washington, DC: Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, July 1965. 6p. Translation from SMENA, SSSR, No. 4, pp. 1-3, 1965.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 469 167
Offenberg, Jerome William. Marginal Oscillator for a Modified Free Precession Magnetometer. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1969. 41p.
ABSTRACT: The primary interest concerns the use of a magnetometer for mine detection, anti-submarine warfare, salvaging and other related
naval operations. The original concept of a modified free precession magnetometer using the Overhauser Effect was formulated
by A. Abragam. The objective of this thesis was to develop an improved marginal oscillator for the magnetometer.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 705 083
Olness, D. U. and A. S. Warshawsky. Representation of the MON-50 Antipersonnel Mine for Application in SEES. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, August 1992. 6p.
ABSTRACT: The Security Exercise Evaluation Simulation (SEES) was used to study an ambush of a train carrying soldiers. An
integral part of the analysis required that directional, antipersonnel mines (similar to Claymore mines) be included in the
scenario. SEES does not have a capability to model the effects of such a weapon explicitly. It was possible, however, to approximate
the effect of the mines, albeit crudely, in a way that was judged adequate for the specific study at hand. This report describes
that approximation.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/ID-111813
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-007397
Ottignon, David A. Losing Anti-Personnel Landmines: An Economy of Force. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 5 February 1999 21p.
ABSTRACT: The 1997 Ottawa Conference recently banned anti-personnel landmines (APLM) and created international pressure for
non-signatories such as the United States, to abide by its mandate. This paper will address the operational need for landmines.
It examines the role of landmines as an economy of force in operational maneuver and flexibility, as well as their affects
on the operational factors of war. It will explore the impact of eliminating landmines on the Korean peninsula and offer alternatives
to the Operational Commander. The paper will argue that the elimination of landmines, without a proven and cost efficient
alternative to APLM, creates a substantial capability gap and ignores the increased risk to U.S. Forces. Finally, it will
briefly examine future systems under exploration to replace APLM that might offer the Operational Commander an alternative
capability.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A363 214
Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology II; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13, 1998. Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
(SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3378), 1998.
ABSTRACT: The present volume on passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging technology discusses PMMW imaging systems, PMMW component
technology, PMMW modeling and phenomenology, and PMMW resolution enhancement/superresolution. Attention is given to a PMMW
video camera, a PMMW imaging device for Naval Special Warfare, large-scale W-band focal plane array developments for PMMW
imaging, and remote fire detection using an MMW radiometric sensor. Other topics addressed include landmine detection using
passive centimeter- and millimeter-wave emission, oversampled PMMW images with application to superresolution, superresolved
imaging sensors with FOV preservation, imaging processing techniques for PMMW imaging, and optimization of radiovision systems
in the millimeter-wave range.
Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) Testing and Packaging for Ground Emplaced Mines (i.e. M74, M75 and M79 Mines). Final report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, 24 March 1994. 6p.
ABSTRACT: This Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) report is for the Ground Emplaced Mines (M74, M75, M79 Mines) packed 40
per metal ammunition container IAW drawing 12624514. This report describes results of testing conducted on a similar packaging
which is used as an analogy for this item.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 845
Pieper, G. F., A. A. Evett, and A. Patterson, Jr. An Electromagnetic System for Mine Detection. New Haven, CT: Yale University, Laboratory of Marine Physics, January 1955.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 063 622
Pijor, T. D. Mine/Countermine Basis of Issue Optimization Plan. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1988. 161p.
ABSTRACT: The mobility and effective employment of tanks in a future conflict may be seriously threatened by enemy land mines.
This thesis presents a high resolution stochastically based simulation to be used in the evaluation of measures of effectiveness
to determine the optimal basis of issue of mine/countermine equipment. A discussion of the types of breaching equipment and
the tactics involved is used to provide background for the simulation. Several measures of effectiveness are used to determine
how the various configurations of breaching equipment affect the battle and battle outcome.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A200 117
Porter, Lisa J., et al. Assessment of the REmote Minefield Detection System (REMIDS). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analysis, June 1998. 39p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes the REmote Minefield Detection System (REMIDS) developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station to detect surface UXO. REMIDS collects three channels of optically aligned image data consisting of two
active laser channels, one polarized reflectance and the other total reflectance, and one passive thermal infrared channel.
The system also incorporates onboard sensor data recording and post-processing insertion of differential Global Positioning
System (GPS) coordinates. The principle behind REMIDS is to enhance the discrimination of surface UXO by relying on multiple
signatures: surface UXO may exhibit a unique combination of reflectance, polarization, temperature, and footprint (shape),
compared to natural objects in the UXO's surroundings. In addition to a description of the phenomenology of REMIDS, an evaluation
of the performance of the system at the Yuma Proving Ground (Arizona) and at Ft. Rucker (Alabama) is presented. Items used
at those sites included mines, rockets, mortars, projectiles, and bombs. Performance curves (P sub d vs. P sub fa) are presented
for both test sites. Furthermore, measurements at several ordnance-free sites were obtained at Yuma to assess the potential
use of REMIDS as a large area search tool.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2158
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A362 985
Pottorff, James P., Jr. Legal Preparation of the Battlefield: Issues in Combined Operations. Newport, RI: Naval War College, May 1999. 25p.
Abstract: This JMO paper discusses the issues arising when allies and coalition partners in combined operations have different
laws and policies with regard to such matters as antipersonnel land mines, rules of engagement, and protected places. Recognition,
analysis, and, when possible, reconciliation of domestic law and policy differences among members of a coalition or alliance
should be included in a CINC's planning for any combined operation. In that light, this paper discusses the implications of
differences in law and policy among members of multinational forces, highlights several of the more significant of these issues,
and proposes some solutions that may mitigate, if not alleviate, problems created by these variations.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 645
Poulain, D. E., et al. "Detection and Location of Buried Objects Using Active Thermal Sensing." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 861-866
ABSTRACT: We examine the feasibility of active thermal sensing of buried objects. A 1.5-kW carbon dioxide laser is used to
provide a thermal impulse to the surface of a sand test bed containing simulated metallic landmines. Time-dependent thermal
images of the induced surface temperature differentials are obtained using an IR focal plane array imaging system. Experimental
results are reported for two target sizes and four thermal pulse conditions. Quantitative evaluations of the induced surface
temperature differentials as a function of time are presented.
Printz, J. Pursuit Deterrent Munition Reserve-Cell Ammonia Battery Redesign Analysis. Final report. 1986-1990. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, April 1991.
42p.
ABSTRACT: The M86 pursuit deterrent munition (PDM) went into full-scale production in early 1989. At this time a serious design
flaw was discovered in the electronics system of the mine. the reserve ammonia battery in the system had a serious performance
problem at cold temperatures. This performance problem had not been apparent on the M692/M731 area denial artillery munition
(ADAM), a ballistically-launched antipersonnel land mine that was later adapted for hand-emplacement (and subsequently evolved
into PDM). A thorough engineering analysis, involving a Taguchi design of experiments, was necessary to determine how the
battery could be improved to solve the performance problems encountered. This report discusses this engineering analysis,
in detail, from the development of the PDM until the incorporation of the corrective fix for the system.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A234 943
______. RAAM Integrated Circuit Source Change Analysis. Final report. 1989-1990. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, September
1990. 38p.
ABSTRACT: This report prepared to provide an analysis of the change from gold eutectic die attach integrated circuits (I.C.)
to sliver-glass die attach I.C. for the M718/M741 remote antiarmor mine (RAAM). An overview of the contract history of the
present RAAM electronic lens assembly (ELA) contractor, Accudyne Corporation of Janesville, WI, is presented. An outline of
both the gold eutectic die attached process and the silver-glass die attach process is also given. The Government test plan
for the die attach change was analyzed and the results and conclusions of the tests listed in the plan are provided.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A227 325
Proceedings of the Panel on the Tactical Aspects of Mine Warfare and Evaluation of the Research and Development Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 32p.
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 466
Progress report. 1 July-30 September 1953. (Harbor Protection Project). New Haven CT: Yale University, Laboratory of Marine Physics, September 1953.
ABSTRACT: Mine-spotting tests with the temporaty X-band radar showed that mine splashes are easily detected and that low-flying planes
and falling mines are trackable in some cases. Sound-ranging tests showed that the low-frequency component of long duration,
which always follows a mine splash, is also observed when the mine is dropped from rest while wholly submerged. Progress is
reported on the medium-range and short-range location of planted mines. Tests of Raydist equipment indicated that much lighter
gear (perhaps a set designed for helicopters) would be more suitable for small boat work. Laboratory tests on inducing vortex
flow (by towing suitably shaped baffles) indicated the feasibility of this method as a means of pressure mine sweeping. The
special television chain for the underwater identification of mines operated satisfactorily.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 022 747
Radevich, P. G. and V. V. Zhuravlev, and I. V. Volkov. Manual on the Laying and Clearing of Minefields. Charlottesville, VA: Army foreign Science and Technology Center, November 1965. 138p. Translation from Posobiye Po Ustroystvu I Preodoleniyu Minno-Vzryvnykh Zagrazhdeniy, 1965.
ABSTRACT: This book describes the designs and operating principles of antitank and antipersonnel mines of the Soviet Army and the armies
of the capitalist states. The fundamentals of laying, reconnaissance and clearing of minefields, as well as recommendations
for their recording and simulation, are also covered. Methods of organizing the training of personnel are described along
with the safety rules that must be observed in laying and clearing mines. The book may be used as an aid by officers in all
branches of the armed forces, by cadets in military schools, and by non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Soviet Army.
The book will also be useful to reserve officer affiliated with engineer units.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 474 792
Randers-Pehrson, Glenn and K. A. Bannister. Airblast Loading Model for DYNA2D and DYNA3D. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory. March 1997. 97p.
ABSTRACT: We incorporated the CONWEP blast model into DYNA2D and DYNA3D. It works as expected and appears to be adequate for
modeling problems such as vehicle response to land mines. The model accounts for the angle of incidence of the blast wave,
but it does not account for shadowing by intervening objects or for confinement effects. This report provides FORTRAN listings
and directions for incorporating the model in DYNA2D, DYNA3D, and associated preprocessors and postprocessors and suggests
changes to the user manuals.
REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1310
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A322 344
Rathore, A. Y. and T. P. Weldon. Wave Propagation Model and Simulations for Landmine Detection. North Carolina Univ. at Charlotte, Department of Electrical Engineering, March 1999. 19p.
ABSTRACT: A simplified 1-dimensional transmission light model of electromagnetic waves propagation in mine fields is considered.
This model might be used as a first indicator of the presence of land mines. Next, the 2D inverse algorithm would image mines.
It is shown that this 1-dimensional model is in general agreement with published Army data.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A365 259
Report of the Committee on Doctrine and Training. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 69p.
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 467
Report of the Committee on Research and Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952. 65p.
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 469
Report on the Committee on Technique. Fort Belvoir, VA: Mine Warfare Panel Engineer Center, February 1952.
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 012 468
Required Operational Capability (ROC) Number LOG 1.59 for a Mine Clearing Plow System. Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 1 April 1983. 12p.
ABSTRACT: A system, device or combination of devices which can be temporarily mounted to the front of a standard armored tracked
vehicle (tank) chassis or other tracked vehicle and controlled by an operator inside the vehicle is required to clear land
mines and explosive devices from the path of the vehicle. It should be capable of physically extracting or removing any land
mine and/or explosive device which is laying on the surface or buried under up to four inches (10.6cm) of soil cover from
the area in front of each track. An Initial Operational Capability of 1985 is desired.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A127 475/AD-A129 447
Required Operational Capability (ROC) Number LOG 1.63 for the Trailer Mounted Mine Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC) System. Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 7 April 1983. 13p.
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Marine Corps requires an easily transportable, rapidly deployable mine clearing capability which can be
employed without modification or permanent attachment to tactical wheeled and tracked vehicles. A trailer mounted mine clearing
line charge would provide a surface-launched capability which could be rapidly employed by mechanized infantry, armored and
combat engineer units. A MICLIC system is needed to create a vehicle-width cleared lane for tracked and wheeled vehicles through
minefield obstacles. The M58A1 Linear Demolition Charge is a standard Marine Corps ordnance item and will satisfy safety and
explosive clearing requirements. This line charge will create a breach path approximately 100m long and 10-16m wide against
tactically laid, single-impulse pressure mines. The MK 22 rocket used to deploy the M58A1 line charge is in the Marine Corps
ordnance inventory. The M353 general purpose, 3 1/2-ton, chassis trailer is an existing asset that can easily be adapted to
carry the M58A1 line charge. A launch rail and framework will be required to launch the MK22 rocket and carry the M58A1 line
charge pallet on the M353 trailer chassis. The adaptation of existing ordnance and trailer assets will satisfy many of the
basic requirements.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A129 426
Required Operational Capability, USMC-ROC-213.3.5 for Amphibious Continuous Breach Land Mine Countermeasure System. Washington, DC: Marine Corps, 20 May 1987. 23p.
ABSTRACT: The Marine Corps has a requirement for a mobile mine countermeasure system (hereafter referred to as the system)
capable of breaching enemy minefields in very shallow water and from the high watermark inland in conjunction with lead echelons
of the amphibious assault. The system will be employed by assault amphibious vehicle (AAV) units to provide a highly mobile,
quick response capability for the assault breaching of single impulse pressure and tilt-rod antitank and antipersonnel minefield.
A preplanned product improvement (P3I) goal will be the neutralization of magnetically fuzed, blast hardened and multiple
impulse mines. The initial operational capability (IOC) for the system is FY91. The date for full operational capability (FOC)
is scheduled for FY94.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A183 962
Resnick,W.V. Investigation of the Resistance of 1-inch Rolled Homogeneous Armor Plate of Various Hardnesses to Antitank Mine Attack. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May 1959.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 307 752
Richmond, Owen. Operation SNAPPER, Project 3.4. Minefield Clearance. Washington, DC: Atomic Energy Commission, February 1953. 75p.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A995 044
Riggs, Lloyd S., and Charles A. Amazeen. Measurements in Moist and Wet Soils with the Waveguide Beyond Cutoff or Separated Aperture Dielectric Anomaly Detection Technique. Final report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, June 1991. 38p.
ABSTRACT: This report present experimental results concerning the separated aperture (or waveguide beyond cutoff) buried mine
detection scheme. More specifically, the experimental data presented describes the ability of the separated aperture sensor
to detect buried dielectric anomalies under moist or saturated (wet) soil conditions. This data was collected during June
- August 1990 at the Fort Belvoir Experimental Mine Lanes Facility, Fort Belvoir, Va. This report is part of ongoing research
to build an engineering database to be used in a long-term research program directed toward the development of a complete
understanding of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying the separated aperture mine detection technique and
to assess the general feasibility of separated aperture mine detectors. The moist and wet soil experiments described in this
report should be viewed as a continuation of earlier experimental efforts described in BRDEC Technical Report No. 2497, August
1990, (AD-A227008).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A239 409
______. Research with the Waveguide Beyond Cutoff or Separated Aperture Anomaly Detection Scheme. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, August. 1990. 67p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents experimental results concerning the separated aperture (or waveguide beyond cutoff) buried
mine detection scheme. The primary purpose of this research effort is to contribute to an engineering database to be used
in a long term research program directed toward the development of a complete understanding of the fundamental electromagnetic
principles underlying the separated aperture mine detection technique and to assess the general feasibility of separated aperture
mine detectors.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A227 008
Roder, Fredrick L. and Richard A. Van Konynenburg. Theory and Application of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Backscatter to Landmine Detection. Research report. 1968-1973. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center, March 1975. 153p.
ABSTRACT: This report discusses the theory and application of X-ray and gamma-ray backscatter to the problem of nonmetallic landmine
detection. The fundamental interactions of X and gamma radiation with matter, including photoelectric absorption, Compton
scattering, and pair production, are reviewed. The backscatter spectrum is analyzed in terms of the components due to single
and multiple scattering. The variation of the backscatter spectrum with changes in the average atomic number of the scattering
material and with changes in source energy is explained. Four different source/detector geometries are compared in terms of
countrate for a given source strength, target-present-to-target-absent ratio, sensitivity to height variations above the scatterer,
and sensitivity to scatter density. Theoretical and practical factors in the selection of sources and detectors are considered.
Three techniques for compensating for height variations are discussed, the most promising of which is a K-edge-filter method.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A015 541
Romba, John J. A Study in Training Methodology of Mine Dogs. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Land Warfare Laboratory, June 1974. 14p.
ABSTRACT: An attempt was made to organize the training of mine dogs into logical learning segments: object discrimination, outgoing
excursion, and search. The procedure for object discrimination learning alone failed to produce the desired result. A possible
alternative method is suggested and briefly described.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 784 048
______. Tactics in the Development of Mine Detector Dogs. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Land Warfare Laboratory, 1970. 8p.
ABSTRACT: The paper describes the development and characteristics of two U. S. mine dog systems. The Mine Detection Dog was recently
made operational and has undergone a 6 month evaluation in RVN. The Specialized Mine Detection Dog is currently in development.
The training procedures for both have been based on the reward or approach principle of learning.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 713 577
Romberger, David D. Optimization Methods for Mixed Minefield Clearance. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996. 84p.
ABSTRACT: This thesis describes the development and implementation of an improved optimization feature for the minefield clearance TDA
MIXER. A constrained form of MIXER's original local optimal search method is proposed, followed by an exhaustive search method,
and then a simulated annealing method. Computational efficiency and program run times are examined for the exhaustive search
method. Also, a performance comparison of "optimal" solutions for the local search and simulated annealing methods is given.
A final version of the optimization feature incorporates all three search methods.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A319 531
Romstedt, G. N. CSS/EMW/SOF (Combat Service Support/Engineering and Mine Warfare/Special Operations Forces) Mission Area Materiel Plan (MAMP)
Software. Final report. February-September 1986. McLean Research Center, Inc., VA, September 1986. 343p.
ABSTRACT: This report documents the status of the Combat Service Support (Database Management Systems)/Engineering and Mine
Warfare (EMW)/Special Operations Forces (SOF) Mission Area Material Plan (MAMP) Software. This software is used for program
planning and resource allocation AMC RDT&E initiatives. It also presents an analysis of some of the system aspects of the
automated MAMP as it is instituted throughout AMC, and of the program prioritization methods used.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 652
Rotondo, F., et al. Report on the Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) of the Vehicular-Mounted Mine Detection (VMMD) Systems at Aberdeen,
Maryland, and Socorro, New Mexico. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1998. 192p.
ABSTRACT: This document presents an analysis of the results of an advanced technology demonstration of five vehicular-mounted
mine detection systems developed for the detection of antitank land mines. The five contractors were Coleman Research Corporation;
Computing Devices Canada; EG&G, Inc.; GDE Systems, Inc.; and GeoCenters, Inc. The systems were developed for the U.S. Army
Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate. The advanced technology demonstration took place at the Aberdeen Test Center,
Aberdeen, Maryland, on June 8-19, 1998, and the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center, Socorro, New Mexico, on July
13-24, 1998. The purpose of the program is to develop the technology for a remotely operated vehicle that will detect mines
and mark their locations during military mine-clearance operations. The system will ultimately consist of a mine overpass
vehicle upon which is mounted a sensor system that detects mines and a communication system that provides data transfer between
the detection vehicle and the remote operator. The mine threats include both metal-cased mines and mines with low-metal content.
These mines may be laid on ground surface or buried underground. The report outlines the systems' performance, in particular
their detection probability and false-alarm rates, compared to the program's requirements.
REPORT NUMBER: Report: IDA-D-2203
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A366 073
Sabol, B. and T. Berry. Effects of Microtopographic Features on Tilt of the Wide Area Mine Ground Platform. Final report. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, May 1991. 25p.
ABSTRACT: Under the Proof of Principle Program for development of the Wide Area Mine (WAM), the US Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station was responsible for characterizing terrain features expected to affect the WAM performance. The off-vertical
angle of the WAM ground platform (tilt) erected on the terrain surface will affect several critical functions of candidate
WAM systems. Digital terrain elevation data of adequate spatial resolution (2-ft horizontal spacing) was not available to
accurately estimate the distribution of tilt angles for the WAM ground platforms. Actual tilt measurements were therefore
made on pre-erected (legs locked in pulse) WAM surrogates (mass models) on four terrain surface types representing managed
and agricultural lands. Mean tilt angles ranged from 2 deg for meadowland to almost 11 deg for a freshly plowed and rowed
field. The Textron Defense System WAM exhibited a slightly larger mean and standard deviation of tilt angle than the Honeywell,
Inc., WAM for each terrain surface type; however, this difference was statistically significant in only one of the four cases.
Because this study did not consider the ground platform erection process, these data should not be interpreted as tilt angles
resulting from realistic deployment of WAMs.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A237 421
Sabol, B. M., et al. Environmental Site Characterization for the Wide Area Mine Sensor Demonstration, Aberdeen Proving Ground, October 1988. Final report. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Laboratory, May 1991. 43p.
ABSTRACT: Under the proof-of-principle program for the development of a wide area mine (WAM), the US Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station was responsible for characterization of the temperature environment in which WAM developmental tests would
be conducted. The principal temperate area for WAM testing was designated to be the US Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
This report presents data that characterize terrain and environmental factors expected to affect WAM sensor performance. Field
measurements were made before and during the conduct of WAM captive flight tests and ground sensor data acquisition exercises.
Measurements included soil and seismic tests, a quantitative vegetation survey, thermal terrain characterization measurements,
and the collection of onsite meteorological data.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A237 045
Salmon, Neil A., Sean Price and Jonathan Borrill. "Landmine Detection Using Passive Centi/Millimetre Wave Emission." IN: Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology II; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
(SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3378), 1998, p. 95-101
ABSTRACT: The feasibility of using passive centimeter and millimeter wave emission to detect landmines is investigated. The
work concentrates on the modeling and measurement of the radiation temperatures of metal and plastic plates. These plates
are considered both surface mounted and buried under thin layers of soil. Experimental measurements were made at frequencies
of 3, 10, 35, and 94 GHz. A two-interface model, which uses the dielectric constants of the media, is used to predict the
radiation temperatures of the plates. Conclusions are made about the radiation bandwidths in which the various plates, surface
mounted and buried, can be detected.
Sanz, G. M. Countermine Combat Systems Analysis (Mine Plow Evaluation Module). Technical report. February-September 1985. Vienna, VA: BDM Corp., 15 September 1985. 70p.
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes the results of tasks conducted to provide the Engineer Support Laboratory with a low cost
evaluation model to be used in the assessment of countermine concept alternatives. The model is microcomputer-based and supported
by a commercial software package which provides ease of use, rapid computational abilities, and useful graphics features.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A159 444
Sargis, P. D. Buried Mine Detection Using Ground-Penetrating Impulse Radar. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1995. 13p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures,
Monterey, CA (United States), 3-7 April 1995.]
ABSTRACT: LLNL is developing a side-looking, ground-penetrating impulse radar system that can eventually be mounted on a robotic
vehicle or an airborne platform to locate buried land mines. The system is described and results from field experiments are
presented.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/JC-119069, CONF-95-041541
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-01144
Sarholm, L., A. Lauberts and H. Lok. Report from SusDem-97. International Workshop on Sustainable Humanitarian Demining. Held in Zagreb, Croatia on September 29-October 1, 1997. Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Tumba (Sweden). Avd. foer Vapen
och Skydd. Jan 1998. 34p.
ABSTRACT: A Workshop on Humanitarian Demining was organized in Zagreb, Croatia from September 29 to October 1 1997. About
130 delegates from different parts of the world participated in the workshop, like scientists from military and civil organizations,
universities and research laboratories, delegates from NGOs, Mine Acting Center (MAC) and UN and also representaties of different
manufacturers. The Workshop took place in a country infected by million of mines and the delegates had the opportunity to
go out in real mined areas, and see the problems deminers are confronted with like mines in dense vegetation, rough terrain
and destroyed buildings. All delegates agreed about the need for an International Center with emphasis on a network for information
exchange between scientists and deminers. The first step would be an event calendar for Conferences and Workshops about demining
problems on a web site for instance.
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB99-108706
Sattinger, I. J. Record of First Meeting of Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, February 1979. 30p.
ABSTRACT: The first meeting of the Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology was held at MERADCOM on 7-8 December 1978.
Briefings were given by representatives of MERADCOM, the Environmental Research institute of Michigan (ERIM), and Braddock,
Dunn, and McDonald (BDM) on the goals of a project being performed under Contract DAAK70-78-C-0198 to identify, screen, analyze,
test, and evaluate methods of minefield detection, with primary emphasis on the European Theater of Operations. ERIM presented,
a Project Plan I for accomplishment of project tasks, which would include early effort devoted to identification and screening
of new technical opportunities, and experimental collection of critical data on spotlight radar and active IR scanner systems.
Suggestions were made by the EWG members and other participants concerning specific techniques to be screened, analytical
methodology, and experimental tests. After review and discussion of the Project Plan in an open meeting followed by an Executive
session, the Expert Working Group made the following recommendations. MERADCOM, ERIM, and BDM should prepare a comprehensive
work plan which more fully coordinates the objectives and activities of ERIM and BDM. The program plan should specify technical
opportunities in terms of (1) present systems, (2) IOC 1985 systems, and (3) IOC 1990 technologies. The resulting coordinated
plan should be ready for review by the EWG by the end of February 1979.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A088 670
Sattinger, Irvin J. Record of Second Meeting of Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, March 1979. 34p.
ABSTRACT: The second meeting of the Expert Working Group on Minefield Detection Technology was held at MERADCOM, Ft. Belvoir, Virginia
on 27-28 February 1979. Presentations were made by MERADCOM, the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan and Braddock,
Dunn, and McDonald to the Expert Working Group on the current status and future plans for the project. At the end of the presentations,
an Executive session of the Expert Working Group was held. Major conclusions and recommendations of the meeting included the
following. The study is to exclude considerations of sensors emplaced in advance of hostilities and scatterable mines. The
potential of multispectral scanners, passive IR sensors, wet chemistry photography, SIGINT, and mine neutralization was discussed.
Recommendations were made for further review by MERADCOM and by individual members of the EWG of the overall coordination
of the program, details of the analytical methodology being developed by BDM, and data on the RF-4C photographic system for
use as a technical example in operational analysis.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A088 290
Schmidt, Jeffrey A. Design, Construction and Testing of an Autonomous Mine Hunter. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997. 56p.
ABSTRACT: Landmine detection is a immense technological problem. A small low power metal detector would find application in
concert with other search technologies. A detection circuit was designed and constructed consisting of a search coil and a
CMOS exclusive OR gate forming an oscillator. This was interfaced to a microprocessor which counted the pulses from the oscillator
and decided whether a detection had been made. Detection range for an anti-personnel mine like object was 14 cm at the coil
centerline. A robot platform to autonomously search for landmines was constructed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A341 446
Schwartz, Richard E. and Dennis F. DeRiggi. SIMNET-Based Tests of Antihelicopter Mines. Final Report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, January 1994. 58p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes a series of SIMNET Semi-automated forced armor engagements in which antihelicopter mines are
deployed. The impact of two types of antihelicopter mines on armor exchange ratios and other combat measures is presented.
Learning effects are analyzed for both types of mines. Antihelicopter mines can have a significant effect on small unit engagements
when used in conjunction with an effective air defense system. Direct fire and sublet launched antihelicopter mines, when
properly deployed are capable of depriving attack helicopters safe ingress routes and firing positions.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A281 162
Schwartz, Richard E., et al. The Smart Mine Simulator User's Guide and Algorithm Description. Final Report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, 1 December 1993. 74p.
ABSTRACT: The Smart Mine Simulator (SMS) is a computer simulation that runs on two UNIX workstations and operates in the SIMNET/BDS-D
distributed simulation environment. It simulates smart antiarmor mines, two variations of smart antihelicopter mines, and
conventional antiarmor mines, enabling these mines to participate in SIMNET exercises for analytic, training, demonstration,
or other purposes. This document describes the SMS structure, its algorithms for simulating mines, and how to install and
use it. The document is intended to support both the planning of distributed simulation exercises and the installation and
operation of the SMS on simulation networks.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 803
Semi-Annual Performance Report on Physics of Buried Mine Detection and Classification. Technical Letter Report, 1 March-31 August 1994. Austin, TX: Texas University at Austin Applied Research Labs, January 1995.
8p.
ABSTRACT: A better understanding of the science and engineering of buried mine detection in (1) offshore and (2) surf zone
sediments, leading to safe, standoff detection technologies. This project is part of a leveraged investment program for ONR
and APPA offices, which involves SPECWAR and USMC interests, to pursue major research thrusts already begun by the authors,
that will lead the way to systems development. The work is further leveraged by the cooperation of the SACLANT Undersea Research
Center (SACLANTCEN) which will provide cooperating seafloor scientists, research tools and research vessels in a joint effort
to research the basic physics of the governing processes.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A289 786
Shoenfelt, N. M. Selectable Lightweight Attack Munition Operating Component of the Gate Array. Technical report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Fire Support Armament Center, April 1991. 26p.
ABSTRACT: The selectable lightweight attack munition (SLAM) is a small explosive armament. It can be used similarly to a mine
where it can be placed on the ground to detonate when the magnetic signature of the desired target is detected. It can also
be used with a tripline or to detonate after a set period of time. The operation of the SLAM is controlled by electronics
with the majority of functions on a gate array. The functions of the gate array that control the operation of the SLAM are
described in this report.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A233 926
Silk, J. D, L. Porter and R. Moler. Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector (VMMD) Test of Neutron Activation Technology. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses,. March 1999. 52p.
ABSTRACT: This report discusses the results of a series of tests specific to the Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA) detector being
used by Computing Devices Canada (CDC) during the Vehicular Mounted Mine Detector (VMMD) ATD demonstrations conducted at Aberdeen
Proving Ground (APG), Maryland, in June 1998 and at Socorro, New Mexico, in July 1998. A TNA-specific test plan was devised
to address performance issues in a thorough and systematic manner; unfortunately, there were sufficient constraints such that
the test plan was not implemented as designed. Instead, a much-abridged version was conducted at APG, and a still more limited
version at Socorro. In addition to performance evaluation for both sites, we present detailed analysis of the APG data, where
we found that the detectability of a mine did not seem to depend on either its burial depth or its nitrogen content. Furthermore,
target signature variability dominated the test results, rather than background variability. Surprising results such as these
must be treated with caution, however, given the extremely small data set that was available. We believe that it is in the
Army's interest to pursue these issues with a more thorough test, such as the one originally proposed which appears in the
Appendix of this report.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2286
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A366 028
Simard, Jean-Robert. Experimental Evaluation of the Apparent Temperature Contrast Created by Buried Mines as Seen by an IR Imager. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston (Alberta), November 1994. 35p.
ABSTRACT: The detection of buried mines is a problem of prime interest internationally. One potential method to succeed in
this task is to use passive IR imaging to form thermal images of the soil surface. Even though this technique has been intensively
investigated for the last 15 years, only few publicly reported studies show quantitative measures of the apparent temperature
contrast at the soil surface above buried mines. This document aims to improve this situation. Apparent temperature contrasts
are measured for different mine-soil combinations over 24 hour periods with a camera sensitive to long wave infrared (8-12
micrometer). The effect of the variation of burial depth is investigated and special attention is taken to differentiate the
thermal effects associated with the soil disturbance from the mine itself. A maximum average of 2 degrees C in apparent thermal
contrast disappears when the burial depth exceeds 8 cm for the case where the thermal disturbance is related to the buried
mine only. A 50% increase (-3 degrees C) is observed when the thermal effect of the soil disturbance is present. Furthermore,
this last apparent thermal contrast shows little dependency with the burial depth. These results are promising for the detection
of mines buried in compacted soil. However, serious reservations about an acceptable false alarm rate and the duration of
the thermal effected created by the soil disturbance are expressed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A289 856
Simms, Janet E., et al. Geophysical Site Characterization for UXO Background Studies: Fort Carson, Colorado; Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia; and Jefferson
Proving Ground, Indiana. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Geotechnical Laboratory, August 1998, 495p.
ABSTRACT: Five 1-hectare UXO/landmine test sites were established at Fort A. P. Hill, Virginia (two sites); Fort Carson, Colorado
(2 sites); and Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), Indiana (1 site). The sites were characterized to document them for the purpose
of comparison with other UXO/landmine test sites and to provide presite disturbance assessments disturbance of site heterogeneity
and the presence of buried cultural features. The investigations included measurements and surveys to determine geological,
geophysical, and environmental parameters or properties and their variation with depth, lateral dimension, and time. The criteria
used for choosing the geographical location of a site are predominant soil type and average yearly precipitation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A352 647
Sinn, J. L. Land Mine Options in Future Crisis and Conflicts. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College., 9 March 1987. 33p.
ABSTRACT: Newly developed land mine barrier and obstacle systems play a significant role in AIRLAND battle tactical concepts.
However, little has been written regarding the use of these systems at the operational and strategic levels of war. This paper
examines the potential impact of land mine systems on the range of military, political, and socio-psychological options available
to American decision-makers in future crisis and conflicts. It deliberately avoids questions concerning system cost, the number
and mix of systems to procure, and the possible limitations involved. Rather, its purpose is to stimulate thinking about ways
in which land mine systems may contribute to crisis bargaining, deterrence of conflict, and termination of the same.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 782
Smith, F. G. History of the Army Ground Forces. Study Number 17. Washington, DC: History of the Third Army, Army Ground Forces, Historical Section, 1985. 152p.
ABSTRACT: The History of the Third Army, 1932-1944, (from organization to combat), was started with the other three field
armies on 9 August 1932, by direction by the Army Chief of Staff, General Douglas MacArthur. Third Army was assigned the area
formerly administered by the Fourth and Eighth Corps, with its mission coverage the area the Gulf of Mexico and the southern
frontier. The Commander had a dual hat as the Corps Area Commander. With the change of command 30 September 1940, the Army
HQ was moved from Atlanta to Fort Sam Houston. The Army continued with large scale maneuvers to develop and test doctrine
and personnel. Its mission of training and preparation continued until its was alerted and sent overseas for combat deployment.
The mission and command was taken over by the Fourth Army.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A166 409
Sprowls, Lance P. Replacing the Antipersonnel Landmine in the Force Protection Role. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 17 May 1999 23p.
ABSTRACT: Although FM 20-32 prescribes protective minefields to "provide the defender with close-in protection during the
enemy's final assault, the U.S. military will soon be banned from using antipersonnel landmines (APL) meet this force protection
role. The magnitude of human suffering resulting from landmines has caused the world humanitarian and diplomatic communities
to join forces in September 1997 to produce the Ottawa Convention, a treaty that bans all APLs, to include self-destructing
devices. That same month, the President directed DoD to develop antipersonnel landmine alternatives, to include mixed anti-tank
systems, for use outside Korea by 2003 and for the Korean Theater by 2006. If this is achieved, the United States will then
sign the Ottawa Convention. Lead for this effort fell to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology (USD(A&T)).
Based on preliminary research, the Under Secretary issued a 1997 report focused on integrating technology, combat forces,
and military doctrine. The concept was that any lethal APL alternatives would incorporate real-time surveillance, precise
firepower to immediately suppress enemy forces, and "man- in-the-loop" command and control Systems to cue engagement. Given
the DoD interest in nonlethal weapons, it is only natural that this technology would also be among the options examined to
satisfy the force protection role historically played by the APL. The die has been cast. Early in the 21st century, high-tech
nonlethal and man-in-the-loop defensive weapon systems will fill the limited remnants of the 20th century antipersonnel landmine
force protection role not made obsolete by operational doctrine and precision, standoff weapons.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 723
Squire, Derek H. Potential Technology Transfer to the DoD Unmanned Ground Vehicle Program. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1996. 51p.
ABSTRACT: The Joint Robotics Program (JRP), managed by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, is developing unmanned ground vehicles
(UGVs) for a number of military applications. These applications currently include scout vehicles, engineer vehicles for mine
detection and clearing, security robots, explosive ordnance disposal, and construction-type robots for detecting and removing
unexploded ordnance. Future applications may include convoys and other logistic applications, both nonlethal and lethal weapons
platforms, and a variety of other applications, such as firefighting, painting, and munitions handlers. A significant amount
of development in the civil sector may be applicable or adaptable to military UGVs. The purpose of this paper is to identify
and describe some of the robotics-related research being conducted outside of the JRP that may be relevant to future programs.
This paper focuses on two areas of current research. One is the Automated Highway System (AHS) under development by the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA) (see Chapter II). The second is microrobotics being pursued by numerous organizations for diverse
purposes (see Chapter III). In addition to these two areas, a variety of activities of narrower scope are of interest. A few
are described briefly in Chapter IV. The information contained in these chapters is largely descriptive. Although suggestions
on the potential relevance of these activities are made, those directly involved in JRP developments are in a better position
to evaluate the potential of technology transfer from other programs.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A317 789
Steinberg, Bernard D. and Donald Carlson. Research in Ground-to-Air Microwave Imaging. Philadelphia, PA: Moore School of Electrical Engineering, March 1995. 29p.
ABSTRACT: Many potential applications exist for high resolution radar such as direction finding, high accuracy tracing, target
counting, and high resolution radar imaging. All of these applications require the use of large, thinned, random or periodic
antenna arrays. Many uncertainties exist in such large antenna systems. For example, exact element positions are generally
not known because of surveying problems or flexing of the large antenna structure. Adaptive beanforming (ABF) is the solution
to the unusual design that achieves these objectives. It deduces the errors in the locations of the receivers that are distributed
around the airport or on the air frame and automatically compensates for them in the image processing. This year's work concentrated
on three tasks. The first was to develop a generalized ABF theory for the class of spatial correlation algorithms. The second
was to extend the resolution of a microwave leading radar to 15 cm, and the third was to study enhanced target detection sensitivity
and target recognition.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A292 907
Stewart, William F. Buried Object Detection Using Surface Waves. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1995. 64p.
ABSTRACT: The goals of this thesis is to evaluate the use of surface waves to detect buried objects. The source used to generate
the surface waves was a three element phased array controlled by LabVIEW visual instruments. This research included developing
a source and receiver, evaluating attenuation and azimuthal dependence of the surface wave propagation, detection using scattering
within a tank of sand, and using the three element array to beamform surface waves. It was successfully demonstrated that
target localization using surface wave scattering and beamforming with a phased array is possible.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A305 744
Steinway, W. J. and J. A. Fuller. Antenna Considerations and Signal Processing Techniques for the Identification of Buried Non-Metallic Objects. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, June 1981. 112p.
ABSTRACT: The U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command (MERADCOM) has been involved in a program for the development
of an off-road mine detection system. In 1978, the Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Experiment Station (GIT/EES)
began a 36 month contract to gather and analyze radar data and investigate antenna designs with the goal of improving the
ability to detect, discriminate and classify buried targets. The project included tasks of initial data analysis, antenna
design and fabrication, extensive data collection, and algorithm development. Section 2 describes the data collection methods
used with both the NBS measurement equipment and the MERADCOM short-pulse radar and a preliminary analysis of the data. Section
3 deals with the survey of candidate antennas, the design and fabrication of the 'best' choices, and the testing of those
antennas. Test results for a cavity-backed spiral, and a broadband horn are presented and compared with a dipole antenna.
Section 4 develops the discrimination concept using frequency spectra data and spatial correlation. Both FFT and MEM were
used to obtain spectral data for comparison. The results of the discrimination algorithms are given.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A107 752
Stolarczyk, Larry G. Concept Study of Multi Sensor Detection Imaging and Explosive Confirmation of Mines. Raton Technology Research, Incorporated, NM, March 1998. 66p.
ABSTRACT: To achieve a quantum leap forward in humanitarian demining and counter mining, a handheld instrument capable of
detecting metallic and non- metallic landmines is needed. Metal detectors (MD) cannot detect non-metallic mines and detection
sensitivity degrades in magnetic soil. Because metal detection sensitivity can be increased to detect low metal content in
some non- metallic mines, some alarms significantly increase. Prodding the soil overlying a suspected mine with metal rods
is needed to create a mental image of the object. Imaging, especially high resolution imaging, would minimize and perhaps
eliminate prodding. This scientific and engineering study concluded that electromagnetic wave detection and imaging technology
(EDIT) featuring a resonant microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) provides a quick look at shallow buried objects. Scans of 1X1
meter square areas can be completed in minutes while producing silhouettes of the buried objects. Lateral migration radiography
(LMR) and nuclear quadripole resonance (NQA) instruments become field deployable when only required to scan the area of the
EDIT silhouette. Much higher resolution of LMR contributes to the quantum leap forward in landmine detection technology.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 194
Suart, Robert D. "Robotic Deployment of Mine Detection Equipment." IN: UV '97; Proceedings of the 5th International Unmanned Vehicles Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, June 12, 13, 1997. Vol. 2, Burnham, United Kingdom, Shephard Press, 1997.
ABSTRACT: At Defence Research Establishment Suffield (DRES), a generic system for the guidance and control of unmanned vehicles
has been developed. This system, called ANCAEUS, has been applied to the development of training targets for the Canadian
Forces (CF). More recently, the requirement to detect land mines in the peacekeeping operations of the CF has led to the development
of teleoperated land-mine detector equipment that permits rapid and reliable detection of these hazardous weapons, while affording
the operators the security of remote operation of the equipment.
Sullivan, John D. and C. N. Kingery. JUGFAE (Jug-Contained Fuel-Air Explosive) Concept. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, April 1988. 51p.
ABSTRACT: Uncontested minefields, ones without covering enemy fire, are cleared cautiously but still cause casualties. The
Jug-Contained Fuel-Air-Explosive (JUGFAE) concept does not send men into the minefield, but lets them proceed methodically
from the minefield boundary. Safety and thoroughness are inherent in the setup process. The concept prescribes crane emplaced
rows of plastic jugs containing detonable fuel. When fueled jugs are in place, a single large fuel-air explosion is triggered.
The explosion will neutralize susceptible land mines. The 'don't cross' repeats line is moved across the neutralized area
and the setup operation is repeated. The cycle repeats until the mined area is cleared. The errors in placing jugs and overlapping
fuel-air clouds can be reduced so that a long line of clouds explodes. Based on 55 liters of fuel per jug, the needs are 92
jugs per km of front and a cost of about $1 per square meter. In very large minefields, jub numbers and costs are daunting.
Increased cloud radius (6.2m presently) significantly reduces the needs.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A195 794
Sullivan, John D., Jerry Thomas and Linda L. Moss. FAE Bombing for Minefield Breaching. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, June 1992. 77p.
ABSTRACT: Historically, bombing has not been used or extensively tested for minefield breaching. This report predicts that
bombing results should be excellent even with small numbers of sorties. Fuel-air explosives (FAE), which are notably effective
against pressure-fuzed mines, were the notional ordnance. For a single FAE bomb probability of one-half of making a 30-meter
breach, four Harrier jets with seven CBU72 bombs each can reduce a 210-meter path through a standard minefield from 1,000
mines/km to at most 330 mines/km with 99% probability. This decreased path density provides a tank 62% chance of crossing
the minefield path without hitting a mine; whereas, without the FAE bombing, a tank trying to bull through is only 25% certain
of crossing safely. Killing all mines in the path is possible (82% chance) with the four jet strike. The analysis can be applied
to other bombs and minefields. minefields, mine countermeasures.
REPORT NUMBER: BRL-TR-3356
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A251 392
Supplee, Thomas B. Not Without Risk: Operational Analysis of a Landmine Ban. Newport, RI: Naval War College, Joint Military Operations Department, 13 February 1998 21p.
ABSTRACT: Since World War II, U.S. forces have gained considerable experience in the employment of landmines in war and operations other
than war. Landmines are integrated into the tactics, techniques and procedures trained by the armed services. Now, because
of the indiscriminate killing and maiming effects of these weapons, policy makers are committed to a global ban on most categories
of antipersonnel landmines. A debate has developed in the professional and academic journals over the utility of landmines
in military operations from one perspective versus the necessity of a landmine ban for humanitarian reasons from the other.
Much of the available literature examining the impact of a landmine ban fails to analyze the issue from an operational perspective.
This study will review the available literature but attempt to maintain an operational focus by consistently returning to
the operational link among ends, ways, means and risk. Based on an analysis considering ends, ways, means, and risk; the operational
commander can logically determine how to respond to a total ban on anti- personnel landmines and, in the process, identify
the associated risk. The key to successfully reconciling the tactical and strategic perspectives resides at the operational
level of war, because it is at the operational level that available military means are applied to achieve strategic ends.
While an operational analysis of the impact of a landmine ban can identify alternative mechanisms, none of these alternatives
are without associated risk. In every case, when landmines are removed from the operational equation some degree of risk must
be identified and accepted.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A349 337
System/Design Trade Study Report for the Navigation of the Airborne, Ground Vehicular and Man-Portable Platforms and Support
of the Buried Ordnance Detection, Identification, and Remediation Technology. Indian Head, MD: PRC, Inc., March 1995. 79p.
ABSTRACT: This document contains a System Design Trade Study on the optimum navigation systems for airborne, ground-vehicle
and man-portable Unexploded Ordnance detection platforms. This study will be used by Unexploded Ordnance Advanced Technology
Demonstration decision-makers to make informed technical and programmatic decisions concerning the use of new navigation and
location technologies in the detection, identification and remediation of Unexploded Ordnance.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 740
Test Operations Procedure Safety Evaluation of Mines and Demolitions. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, May 1978. 12p.
ABSTRACT: This paper provides a method of evaluating the safety of mines and demolitions during development testing. Covers inspections
and tests for adequacy of safety features; confirmation of functioning loads; sensitivity to accidental detonation during
emplacement, arming, disarming, and recovery; safety during transportation including secured cargo vibration, rough handling,
and 12.2-meter drop; and effects of high- and low-temperature storage on functioning. Not applicable to chemical mines.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A055 107
Thurston, R. D. and Thomas Bardeen. Minefield Clearance. Fort Belvoir: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, March 1952. 97p
ABSTRACT: The methods for using Universal indicator mines to determine probabilities of detonation of anti-tank mines when
subjected to blast are discussed. Scaling laws for normal bombs and atomic weapons are devised and methods for computing probabilities
of detonation are given. An outline of the instrumentation and field procedure used in obtaining data during Operation BUSTER
is given. The results show that, in addition to obtaining data for minefield clearance, estimates can be made of yield of
the weapon and of peak pressure as a function of distance from ground zero. A rather radius of clearance was obtained in the
BUSTER shots primarily because of a skip effect (abnormally low readings) occurring at a radius about equal to the height
of burst. It is recommended that the Universal indicator mines with closer control be used in future atomic tests to study
in detail the skip effect due to ground shock, terrain, and obstructions and that further studies be made on the mine as a
peak pressure gage.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 374 623
Tricoles, G., et al. Nearfield Electromagnetic Detection of Mines. Final report. San Diego, CA: General Dynamics Corp. December 1987. 140p.
ABSTRACT: Experimental and analytical research on mine detection is described. The objectives were the design of measurement
system for evaluating mine detection ideas and a plan for investigation. The approach was electromagnetic waves for ranges
less than 3 meters. The report has three parts. Part I represents analytical and experimental data, describes equipment and
reviews identification; it is the basis for design of a measurement system and the technical plan. Part II describes system
design; Part II the technical plan.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A314 152
Tsang, Leung. Microwave and Millimeter Wave Remote Sensing of Snow and Detection of Buried Objects in Snow Environment. Final report. 1 June 1993-31 December 1996. Seattle, WA: Washington University, March 1997. 9p.
ABSTRACT: Understanding and predicting the snow conditions in snow terrain is important to the US Army in the transportation of military
vehicles, equipment, and personnel and for monitoring battlefield environment in snow terrain. The snow parameters that characterize
snow conditions are snow wetness, snow depth, snow density, and snow grain size and layering. These parameters describe the
hydrological and mechanical states of the snow pack. Remote sensing of snow conditions using microwave and millimeters waves
are useful techniques. The microwaves and millimeter waves interact with the snow rough surface and volume scattering to produce
the bistatic and monostatic radar return. Detection of mines in snow terrain environment is an important problem. The scattering
of wave by the mine can be obscured by the scattering of snow clutter. A newly developed technique based on angular correlation
function can be used to suppress the scattering by clutter and relatively enhance the scattering by the mine.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A324 646
Tsang, Leung, Gulfu Zhang, and Kyung Pak. Detection of a Buried Object Under a Single Random Rough Surface with Angular Correlation Function in EM Wave Scattering. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, Department of Electrical Engineering, April 1996. 6p.
ABSTRACT: Detection of a buried object with an electromagnetic rough surface above the buried object. Recent studies show that by taking
statistical averages, the angular correlation function of scattering by random rough surfaces is small except along the memory
line governed by the incident and scattered angles. In this article we study the angular correlation junction of the scattering
of electromagnetic waves by a buried object under a single random rough surface. Because the buried object is positioned under
a single random rough surface, the angular correlation junction is calculated with frequency averaging. Numerical results
show that the frequency averaged angular correlation junction still exhibits the memory line. It is also shown that the angular
correlation function away from the memory line will suppress the rough surface scattering and make the buried object scattering
more conspicuous by a relative magnitude of as large as 23 dB. Thus, the use of the angular correlation function will give
better detection of a buried object than scattering intensity.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 230
U.S. Army Ground Vehicle Survivability Symposium 29 March-1 April 1999. Arlington, VA: National Defense Industrial Association, April 1999. 91p.
ABSTRACT: A mine-soil-structure interaction problem with a landmine buried in two different soil types was modeled using a
hydrodynamic code. Because the actual soil types can vary widely between experiments the problem was bracketed between two
widely differing soil types-dry sand and fully saturated tuff. The ballistic pendulum anvil plate acts as a momentum trap
for a vertical impulse measurement facility (VIMF) under development at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. The model allows simulation
of complex asymmetric explosive-soil-structure interaction effects. It also generates loading and response of the plate due
to varying offset, standoff depth of soil overburden, and explosive contents.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A369 728
Umholtz, Robert L. and John D. Sullivan. JUGFAE Crane Error. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, July 1989. 70p.
ABSTRACT: A concept called JUGFAE, JUG-contained Fuel-Air Explosive, was devised for clearing minefields in uncontested, rear
areas. The concept prescribes a line of jugs set in by a crane standing on cleared ground. The jugs must be carefully spaced
so that when they simultaneously burst, the fuel-air clouds can overlap and give one large explosion. The process is then
repeated. This report documents the mathematics of the error if the crane misspaces the jugs. Six different methods a
