Adams, M.S. In-Minefield Effectiveness Measure for Breaching Vehicles. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, Fort Belvoir, VA: June 1983. 36p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings
of the Conference on the Design of Experiments in Army Research Development and Testing (28th) Held at Monterey, California
on 20-22 October 1982,’ AD-A130 826. p109-144.]
ABSTRACT: The development of realistic models is required to assess the military worth of countermine systems in mine warfare
scenarios. Explicit closed form solutions of delineating countermine equipment effectiveness are being developed to become
modular components of a more complex war game modelling mine warfare. This report develops a closed solution to measure the
effectiveness of armored vehicles proceeding through cleared lanes. An equation is derived to determine the expected number
of mines a vehicle will encounter in a scenario. The expected number of mine encounters is used to calculate a measure to
compare the value of changes in tactical methods and countermine materiel. A discussion of the applicability of the effectiveness
measure to support mine and countermine studies is also presented. A set of mine warfare situations are formulated as an example
of the ease of using the expression derived in this report.
Addor, Eugene E. and Edward E. Garrett. Description of Terrain to be Used in Evaluating the Lofted Mine Concept. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, September 1977. 343p.
ABSTRACT: This report contains road and roadside terrain data pertinent to the evaluation of the Lofted Mine Concept for a portion of
West Germany. Appendix A presents the profile data sheets representing 104 sites, 29 of which are accompanied by one or two
sheets of on-site photographs. The information on the profile data sheets has been inferred from available topographic and
soil maps and air photos. The data are presented on profile diagrams representing transects intercepting the road at right
angles and extending 200 m to the right and left from the road center line. The data include a topographic profile along the
transect line, slope orientation of the profile, and vegetation, soil, and roadway characteristics to the extent that the
relevant data were inferable from the available data sources or from on-site inspection. Selection of the terrain characteristics
for description was based on their presumed interactions with various functional phases of the proposed lofted mined system.
The data constitute information exhibiting the considerable variation found within the study area. Analysis of the data in
terms of performance of the proposed mine systems can be made by inference or more adequately by use of quantitative performance
prediction models.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A046 157
Adolf, Frank H. and Robert E. Ainslie. T51 Aerial Emplaced Mine-Clearing Device (Cresset). Dover, NJ: Picatinny Arsenal, December 1960. 140p.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 321 375
Advanced Distribution Simulation Technology II (ADST II). Countermine Experiment #0016. Final report. Orlando, FL: Lockheed Martin Information Systems, November 1996. 32p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this final report is to document the Advanced Distributed Simulation Technology II (ADST II) effort which supported
the Countermine Experiment and specifically capture experiment configurations, results, observations, and lessons learned.
This document does not address the operational effectiveness of the various systems or specific results of the data collected
as this effort was conducted as part of a larger activity. Analysis of overall Countermine experiment efforts and results
is being performed by the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A327 090
Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques (Techniques Avancees de Reconnaissance de Forme). North Atlantic Treaty Organization Brussels (Belgium), September 1998. 163p.
ABSTRACT: Pattern recognition is the extraction of consistent information from noisy spatiotemporal data. It can be and is
currently being used in systems for battlefield supervision, smart weapons, and anti-counterfeiting of all kinds. A current
application is the automatic detection of land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO). The methods employed can be subdivided
in the following manner: (1) statistical methods, (2) neuro-methods, (3) fuzzy-methods, and (4) neuro- fuzzy methods. Each
of these methods has its special advantages and drawbacks, but all of them require the computation of feature variables from
measurement or simulation data, e.g., from microwave backscattering. The Lecture Series covers the following topics: (1) Introductory
Overview on Pattern Recognition Techniques, (1)-(4); (2) Feature Extraction for Pattern Recognition by; (a) Electromagnetic,
magnetic, and acoustic singularity identification; (b) Model based scattering signatures; (c) Wavelet techniques; (d) SAR/ISAR
imaging; (e) Bistatic microwave imaging; and (f) Electromagnetic inversion techniques. (1) Real-time Implementation of Pattern
Recognition Methods; and (2) Introduction to Software and Hardware for Pattern Recognition. This Lecture Series, sponsored
by the Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel (SET) of RTO, has been implemented by the Consultant and Exchange Programme.
REPORT NUMBER: NATO-AC/323(SET)TP/1
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A355 484 and AD-A356 646
Advanced Planning Briefing for Industry Proceedings, 15-16 September 1987. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Center, Requirements and Analysis Office, September 1987. 176p.
ABSTRACT: Partial Contents: Soviet Military Power; Mission Area Materiel Plan (MAMP); Technology Trends in Artillery Weapons;
Electromagnetic Launch Technology; The Advanced Field Artillery System (AFAS); Manpower and Personnel Integration (MANPRINT)
Applied To Future Artillery; Regenerative Liquid Propellant Gun Technology; Advanced Solid Propellants; Shoot-To-Kill/Smart
Munitions; Warheads (Including More Powerful Explosives); Mine Warfare - A Significant Combat Multiplier; VHSIC Processor For Fire Control/Battlefield Management System; Artificial Intelligence.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A192 152
Alba, Albert L. The Use of Rigid Polyurethane Foam as a Landmine Breaching Technique. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997. 75p.
ABSTRACT: The results of a feasibility test using Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPF) as an operational anti-personnel mine counter-mine
technique are presented. RPF, at a given density and thickness, can withstand the explosive effects of anti-personnel blast
mines and mitigate or neutralize the effects of surface laid anti-vehicular mines. A 12-inch thick, 4 pound per cubic foot
foam block completely contained a 10 gram explosive charge of PETN while a 30-inch foam block with the same density contained
a 30 gram charge. A 24- inch thick pad supported 50 passes of an M88A2 Recovery Vehicle, crushing the foam no more than 2-3
inches throughout the length of a 56 foot foam roadway. Underneath this roadway, simulated land mines set at 14 psi were not
detonated by the passage of an M88A2 and a HMMWV. Our experiments indicate that RPF can provide additional traction in muddy
conditions and set-off explosives connected to trip wires. The pressure and trafficability experiments were conducted at the
Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS in July-August 1997, and the explosive experiments were conducted at the Energetic
Materials Research and Testing Center (EMRTC) of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM in August
and October 1997.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N98-24365
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A346 255
Albert, Donald G. Review of the Propagation of Inelastic Pressure Waves in Snow. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, April 1983. 33p.
ABSTRACT: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response
of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the
elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg
for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air.
The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the
snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used
to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air
explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-83-13
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A128 714
______. Use of an Artificial Snow Platform for WAM Tests. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, January 1992. 16p.
ABSTRACT: Because of the lack of a deep snow cover at the February 1991 Wide Area Mine (WAM) ground sensor tests held in Grayling,
Michigan, an attempt was made there to simulate the effects of a deeper snow cover by making a pile of snow, compacting it
and placing the WAM ground sensor prototype package upon the resulting platform. Recordings of moving military vehicles were
then obtained with these sensors. To investigate the effects of this approach, a test was conducted in Hanover, New Hampshire,
a few days later under similar snow conditions, but using a simple acoustic source (a pistol firing blank shots) rather than
moving vehicles. The Hanover tests are described and reported here. The results show that the use of a small snow platform
has little effect on the sensor response, and that the Grayling test procedure would be unsuccessful in simulating the effects
of a deeper snow cover. The underlying cause of this failure is that the acoustic effect of a snow cover arises over a large
areal extent and cannot be simulated by changing the snow properties in a small area near the sensors.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A247 868
Anderson, Alan A. Methodologies for the High Resolution Modeling of Minefield Dynamics. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September. 1991. 182p.
ABSTRACT: Landmines are a continuing threat to the mobility required by the modern army. Efforts to develop solutions for
the problems presented by mines are hampered by a lack of useful, realistic, high resolution models. To assist in developing
the needed modeling capabilities, several methodologies are proposed. Methodologies for modeling vehicle navigation error,
mine encounters, plow displacement of mines, by passing obstructions and the presence of overwatching direct fires are developed
and explained. These methodologies are then implemented using simscript and simgraphics into a minefield breaching model.
The model will run in a graphics mode, allowing a visual validation of the model algorithms. The problem of plow width versus
breaching force casualty rates is examined as an example of the potential utility of the model.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A247 255
Anderson, M.S. Land Mine Warfare - Applying the Principles. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 23 March 1987. 45p.
ABSTRACT: A historical analysis of land mine warfare repeatedly demonstrated certain principles which when correctly applied
yield decisive results. this essay begins by examining the employment of mines in four battles - Alam Halfa, El Alamein, the
Golan and the Falklands. It then assess how well our current land mine warfare doctrine, organization and equipment facilitate
the timely and sound application of the fundamentals demonstrated by history to today's Airland Battlefield. Areas in which
we must improve or change are identified and some new ideas are proposed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 849
Andrews, Anne M. Et al. Performance in December 1996 Hand-Held Landmine Detection Tests at APG, Coleman Research Corp. (CRC), GDE Systems, Inc. (GDE),
and AN /PSS-12. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, March 1998. 87p.
ABSTRACT: In December 1996, a test of three mine detection systems was held at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. This test
compared prototype landmine detection systems manufactured by two contractors, Coleman Research Corporation (CRC) and GDE
Systems, Inc. (GDE), with the Army's currently fielded electromagnetic induction mine detector, the AN/PSS-12. The two prototype
systems under consideration integrate a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with an electromagnetic induction metal detector. Both
GDE the and CRC systems provide increased capability over the AN/PSS-12, but exhibited poor performance for detection of low-metallic
and nonmetallic antipersonnel landmines.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2126; IDA/HQ98-000073
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 252
Andrews, Anne, James Ralston and Michael Tuley. Research of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Detection of Mines and Unexploded Ordnance: Current Status and Research Strategy. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, December 1999. 102p.
ABSTRACT: This report documents the results of an IDA assessment of the state of research on ground penetrating radar (GPR)
as applied to countermine and unexploded ordnance clearance. This report examines existing GPR research and development efforts
with emphasis on missions where GPR has the potential to provide a unique capability and to achieve operationally meaningful
performance. We identify data collections and analyses that will be necessary both to make decisions about the suitability
of GPR for particular missions and to achieve performance gains necessary for operational utility. The potential capabilities
of ground penetrating radar could, if realized, make it a useful tool for the detection of mines and UXO. These potential
capabilities, however, have not been demonstrated in practice. In most cases, performance is limited by clutter, not by insufficient
target signal for detection in noise. Thus, discrimination of targets from clutter is the fundamental problem to be solved
to improve GPR target detection performance. Among the numerous research efforts that must be undertaken to advance GPR in
any application are soil characterization, discrimination, and modeling. Since it is likely that radar will be paired with
another sensor for any application, research to support sensor fusion is important.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2416
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A374 029
Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes For Landmine Recognition. Canberra, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, June 1998. 50p.
ABSTRACT: This report investigates an approach to characterising Ground Probing Radar (GPR) backscatter echoes from land mines
using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. The GPR signatures of surrogate land mines and PVC cylinders
buried in dry sand are measured using an impulse radar system with center frequency of 1.4 GHz and a 90% bandwidth. The GPR
signal parameters are represented as sets of complex poles computed from a series of neighbouring signatures recorded over
each target type. The algorithm proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts which uses backward linear prediction and the low-rank data
matrix approximation based on singular value decomposition is applied to this computation. The performance of the Kumaresan
and Tufts (KT) algorithm is compared with that of the Prony method when both techniques are applied to modelling simulated
signals. It is concluded that the KT method provides more stable pole estimates. Two approaches to determining the order of
the model are examined and compared for simulated and real data. The results show that the poles corresponding to different
target types form clusters in the two- dimensional alpha-f space (where a is the pole damping factor and f is the pole frequency).
This indicates that these pole clusters can be used for the recognition of land mines.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A356 181
Arcangeli, Paul J. Explosive Ordnance Disposal Associate - An Expert System for Landmine Identification. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1997. 151p.
ABSTRACT: Today there are over 110 million mines scattered across 60 countries, and these mines kill or injure more than 26,000
people annually. In order for deminers to remove these mines, they must be able to quickly and accurately identify them. Existing
methods for landmine identification involve tedious searching through reference books. This thesis presents an expert system
for landmine identification, based on the set of thirty Bosnian mines from the MineFacts landmine database. The user is queried
about the landmine, and heuristics are applied to the answers which are then used to calculate other information about the
mine. This information is then filtered through decision trees to generate a small group of candidates which are displayed
with a photo and confidence factor. The system was modeled and tested using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The system can
narrow candidates to within two choices when all queries are correctly answered and to within three candidates when 70% of
the queries are correctly answered. The results show that this technique has potential for all types of ordnance identification.
A similar 5 stem could be implemented to cover all UXO for EOD use and as a reconnaissance tool b non-EOD trained individuals.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A333 369
Archambeau, Charles, Arden Buck and Jeffery Orrey. Array Beam Imaging for High Resolution Stand-Off Mine Detection. Final report 1 June-31 July 1997. Boulder, CO: Technology and Resource Assessment Corporation, August 1997. 19p.
ABSTRACT: Array Beam Imaging (ABI) software has been developed and tested using both radar and seismic wave fields for imaging based
on backscattered (reflected) wave pulses from target objects. The ABI software is designed to produce high resolution target
images showing internal structure of reflecting objects as well as external surface features. The images obtained are quantitatively
proportional to the reflectivity (impedance contrasts) at target surfaces that produce reflections of incident waves. Therefore,
reflectivity images using seismic and electromagnetic waves produce sets of images that measure quite different physical properties
of the targets. These independent images can be compared (correlated) with the corresponding images of standard mine types
for identification purposes using external and internal boundary shapes and other special reflectivity differences between
mines and miscellaneous clutter. This report covers the period of the extended Phase 1 study, which includes the interim funding
period prior to Phase 2.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A330 092
Archambeau, Charles, Arden Buck, and Jeffery Orrey. Array Beam Imaging for High Resolution Stand-Off Mine Detection. Final report. 1 December 1996-31 May 1997. Boulder, CO: Technology and Resource Assessment Corporation, June1997. 18p.
ABSTRACT: ‘Array Beam Imaging’ (ABI) software has been developed and tested using both radar and seismic wave fields for imaging based
on backscattered (reflected) wave pulses from target objects. The ABI software is designed to produce high resolution target
images showing internal structure of reflecting objects as well as external surface features. The images obtained are quantitatively
proportional to the reflectivity (impedance contrasts) at target surfaces that produce reflections of incident waves. Therefore,
reflectivity images using seismic and electromagnetic waves produce sets of images that measure quite different physical properties
of the targets. These independent images can be compared (correlated) with the corresponding images of standard mine types
for identification purposes using external and internal boundary shapes and other special reflectivity differences between
mines and miscellaneous clutter.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A328 367
Army Study Highlights. Volume 8. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Staff (Army), Study Management Office, October 1987. 17p. [See also Volume
1, AD-A103 349]
ABSTRACT: The Principal Findings: (1) The divisional engineer battalion, working alone, can successfully support the Light
Infantry Division (LID) during the initial phase of a short-duration, low-intensity conflict. However, the LID needs immediate
Echelon-Above-Division (EAD) augmentation to support extended low-intensity situations and all mid- to high-intensity conflicts.
Specific recommendations for theater augmentation units are detailed in the study. (2) The mix of engineer equipment in the
current divisional battalion needs to be changed to better align capabilities with the most vital combat requirements. Equipment
mix and density recommendations were made that do not increase the C-141 deployment profiles of the LID engineer battalion.
(3) The LID will greatly benefit from the fielding of advanced land mining systems. New scatterable and improved conventional
mine systems will both increase the range of mobility and countermobility tasks the division can undertake, and substantially
reduce the Class IV and V transportation requirements.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A189 213
Assessment of Chemical and Biological Sensor Technologies. Washington, DC: National Research, Committee on Chemical and Biological Sensor Technologies, 1984. 125p.
ABSTRACT: Chemical and biological warfare agents are divided into three categories: chemical (synthetic compounds), biological
(live organisms), and toxins (biologically derived chemical substances). Chemical agents may be subclassified by persistency,
degree of toxicity, and physiological effect. Chemical agents can be delivered via rockets, missiles, bombs, artillery shells,
sprays, and land mines. Biological agents may be delivered by similar means but may also be used clandestinely. They could
be conveniently used to poison water or food supplies, for example. To defend against these agents, sophisticated sensors
are required that quickly detect, identify, and monitor very small concentrations. Detection of a chemical agent requires
a short response time in order to minimize casualties and a low false alarm rate to maintain credibility. Because the detector
will be exposed to high initial concentrations, high sensitivity is relatively less important. Following detection, identification
of the agent is essential to deciding what course of action to take. In general, it takes longer to identify than to detect
an agent.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A143 408
Aswell, Paul L. Operational Impact of the U.S. Anti-Personnel Land Mine Ban. Newport, RI: Naval War College, May 1999. 23p.
ABSTRACT: On March 1, 1999, the Ottawa Mine Ban Treaty (the Convention on the Prohibition, Use, Stockpiling, Production and
Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction) went into force. The NCA directed that the Department of Defense
have alternatives to anti-personnel land (APL) mines in place so that by the year 2006 we end the use of all APL mines. It
is unlikely alternative new technologies will be fully fielded by this date. This paper discusses the factors which led the
President to direct the elimination of all anti-personnel land mines. The paper argues that the current DoD-wide assumption
that the U.S. will retain self-destructing anti-personnel land mines in its arsenal is incorrect and presents operational
implications of an APL ban without fielded alternatives.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 681
Avrami, Louis and M.S. Kirshenbaum. The Giant Viper Mine Clearing Line Charge: Characterization of Energetic Materials. Technical report. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research and Development Command, Large Caliber Weapon Systems, Laboratory, September
1981. 53p.
ABSTRACT: Mandatory safety and characterization tests have been conducted on the following four energetic materials which are integral
parts of the United Kingdom (UK) Giant Viper/Mine Clearing Line Charge. The materials tested were PE-4 Explosive (Booster),
PE-6/A1 Explosive (Main Charge), EU Propellant, and S.R. 371C Pyrotechnic Composition (Igniter). The tests included composition
analysis, Blasting cap test, DTA/TGA, explosion temperature test, electrostatic sensitivity, friction sensitivity, impact
sensitivity, small and large scale gap test, detonation velocity, closed bomb, and burning rate statement. In most instances,
the test data agreed with the available data supplied by the UK. Most of the data show that the sensitivity of the explosive
materials is between that of RDX and TNT. Therefore, it can be concluded that when handled with the proper precautions and
procedures, the UK energetic materials, PE-4, PE-6/A1, EU propellant, and SR 371C igniter composition, do not present any
undue safety hazards. Interim qualification of these materials for US military use was, therefore, requested.
REPORT NUMBER: ARLCD-TR-81018
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A106 434
Azevedo, S.G.; et al. Landmine Detection and Imaging Using Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 7 August 1995. 8p.
ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential applications
in mine detection by the armed forces and other agencies involved in determining efforts. These new technologies use a patented
ultra-wideband (impulse) radar technology that is compact, low-cost, and low power. Designated as Micropower hnpulse Radar,
these compact, self-contained radars can easily be assembled into arrays to form complete ground penetrating radar imaging
systems. LLNL has also developed tomographic reconstruction and signal processing software capable of producing high-resolution
2-D and 3-D images of objects buried in materials like soil or concrete from radar data. Preliminary test results have shown
that a radar imaging system using these technologies has the ability to image both metallic and plastic land mine surrogate
targets buried in 5 to 10 cm of moist soil. In dry soil, the system can detect buried objects to a depth of 30 cm and more.
This report describes our initial test results and plans for future work.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-121669
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 96-000870
______. Statement of Capabilities: Micropower Impulse Radar (MIR) Technology Applied to Mine Detection and Imaging. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 13 March 1995. 14p.
ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential applications
in mine detection by the armed forces and other agencies involved in demining efforts. These new technologies use a patented
ultra-wideband (impulse) radar technology that is compact, low-cost, and low power. Designated as Micropower Impulse Radar,
these compact, self-contained radars can easily be assembled into arrays to form complete ground penetrating radar imaging
systems. LLNL has also developed tomographic reconstruction and signal processing software capable of producing high-resolution
2-D and 3-D images of objects buried in materials like soil or concrete from radar data. Preliminary test results have shown
that a radar imaging system using these technologies has the ability to image both metallic and plastic land mine surrogate
targets buried in 5 to 10 cm of moist soil. In dry soil, the system can detect buried objects to a depth of 30 cm and more.
This report describes LLNL's unique capabilities and technologies that can be applied to the demining problem.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-120801
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 95-017714
Balck, H. Translation of Taped Conversation with General Hermann Balck, 12 January 1979 and Brief Biographical Sketch. Special report. Battelle Columbus Labs., OH: Tactical Technology Center, January 1979. 64p.
ABSTRACT: This document is a transcript of an interview conducted in 1979 with General Hermann Balck, who served as a Commander
of German Panzer Divisions during World War II. The question-and-answer session includes such topics as effectiveness of the
U.S., German, and Russian air forces, air-ground tactics, use of mines, German military tradition, armored tactics, armored
division organization, reconnaissance, and artillery.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A160 703
Ballistic Tests of Armor Materials. Final Report on Test Operations Procedure. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, 7 February 1984. 58p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes methods available for assessing the ability of armored vehicle armor to provide protection
against attacking projectiles and land mines. Tests of the basic armor rather than tests of the vehicle are emphasized.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A137 873
Bekas, Alexander J. Wireless Communications for a Multiple Robot System. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1997. 116p
ABSTRACT: A multi-disciplinary research project is being undertaken at NPS to develop a semi-autonomous robotic system to detect and
clear land mines and Unexploded Ordnance (UXO). The robotic system under development consists of a land vehicle, an aerial
vehicle, and a ground-based control station. Reliable communication between these three stations is needed. A traditional
wire-based network requires that the vehicles be tethered and severely limits the mobility of the vehicles. A wireless Local
Area Network (LAN) is proposed to provide communications between the control station and the vehicles. The objective of this
thesis is to develop the physical (hardware) and logical (software) architecture of a wireless LAN that accommodates the needs
of the mine/UXO project. Through an analysis of wireless modulation techniques, a market survey of wireless devices, and a
field testing of wireless devices, a wireless LAN is designed to meet the technological, performance, regulation, interference,
and mobility requirements of the mine/UXO project. Finally, the wireless communication protocols and the development of an
error-free application protocol (specified by a FSM model and implemented in ANSI C code using Windows socket network programming)
completes the wireless LAN implementation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A331 876
Bernhardt, R. and R. Chesney. Description of the DRES (Defence Research Establishment Suffield) Practice Mine Hardware. Defence Research Establishment Suffield, Ralston (Alberta), July 1988. 91p.
ABSTRACT: The development of scatterable mines and intelligent mine fuzes featuring full width attack capabilities has dramatically
changed mine warfare. Unfortunately, not all mine training devices have kept pace with these developments. A distinction must
be made at this point between those training mines classified as drill mines and those classified as practice mines. Drill
mines are used to train engineer troops to correctly handle mines, while practice mines are used to train non-engineer combat
troops about mine warfare. Drill mines therefore simply have to mimic the arming and disarming procedures of the newer types
of mines; they do not have to offer all the features of these advanced mines to have some training value. The practice type
of training mine, because of its different training role, must emulate all features of the newer mines. However, existing
practice mines do not do this; they are, for the most part, unrealistic in form, activation mechanism, and result. Because
of this, these devices have little training value, and consequently the troops who encounter them do not fully appreciate
the problems associated with mine warfare. Canada.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A197 999
Biddle, Stephen D., et al. Landmine Arms Control. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defence Analyses, May 1996. 55p.
ABSTRACT: Perhaps 80 to 110 million unexploded mines are now scattered over 64 countries worldwide. These mines kill or maim as many
as 2,000 people a month most of them civilians, many of them children. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the pros and
cons of addressing this problem via negotiated arms control agreements to ban the production, stockpiling, export and/or use
of mines. Our principal findings are that neither the costs nor the benefits are likely to be as great as many have argued.
Because costs and benefits are incommensurate, landmine arms control could not be an open and shut case either for or against
on its analytical merits, but the value judgment required to reach a conclusion is likely to be a closer call than many in
the current debate would suggest.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-P-3001
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A315 050
Biddle, Stephen D., J. Klare, and J. Rosenfeld. Military Utility of Landmines: Implications for Arms Control. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, June 1994. 76p.
ABSTRACT: This briefing evaluates the military utility of landmines in high intensity, mechanized land warfare and draws implications
from this for landmine arms control. While military utility is clearly only one of wide range of issues bearing on the advisability
of any particular arms control proposal, it has nevertheless played an unusually important role in the debate to date. While
IDA is continuing a broader assessment of this issue, it is hoped that this more narrowly focused analysis will shed some
important, if necessary partial, light on that broader debate. The basic conclusion of the briefing is that issues of military
utility in high intensity conflict need not preclude further consideration of landmine arms control. A rather demanding set
of assumptions and preconditions is required for the military utility of landmines in such conflicts to be so high as to make
arms control unworthy of further consideration requires as especially demanding set of assumptions about the nature of future
warfare. It is far from obvious that the required assumptions can be sustained.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A283 061
BM 1000 Mines Developed by the German Air Force. Technical report. Naval Technical Mission in Europe, October 45. 38p.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A953 474
Bottoms, Albert M., Ellis A. Johnson, and Barbara Honegger. Proceedings of the Technology and the Mine Problem Symposium, 18-21 November 1996, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California. 2 volumes. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, November 1996. 954p.
ABSTRACT: Major topics of this symposium are (1) The Challenge, (2) Operational Requirements and Perspectives, (3) Operational Environments
and Threats, (4) Landmines and Humanitarian Demining, (5) Progress in Autonomous Systems for Mine Warfare, and (6) Countering
Mines on Land.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A326 694 – v. 1
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A327 338 – v. 2
Breland, Marian and Robert E. Bailey. Specialized Mine Detector Dog. Hot Springs, AR: Animal Behavior Enterprises, Inc., December 1971. 23p.
ABSTRACT: Two Golden Labrador Retrievers were trained by operant conditioning methods to detect modified type M14 antipersonnel mines
buried at varying depths in an open field. On detection of a buried mine, the dog was required to sit near the mine and remain
until verification could be made. At the home training area the dogs experienced difficulty in making detections at depths
greater than two inches. Compacted soil, grass, stubble, and heat proved handicapping. One mine was detected at a depth of
four inches. During tests at Aberdeen Proving Ground under simulated field conditions, mines buried two years were detected
at depths of one-half inch.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 736 860
Briggs, B.D. General Computer Program for Use in Determining Track Width Plow-Minefield Effectiveness Criteria. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, 1973. 11p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings
of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989.]
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (USAMERDC) has developed a computer program for
use in assessing the effectiveness of a track width mine clearing plow moving through an area containing mixed mine types/fuze
mechanisms. This program includes important modifications and extensions of some of the methods currently used for obtaining
countermeasure-minefield effectiveness criteria and yields statistical information that cannot be determined from other existing
models. The approach to this problem makes use of a Monte Carlo computer simulation technique developed at the USAMERDC. Because
of a need to investigate current and future threats for ascertaining mine-target interactions within a minefield, the computer
program has been written in such a way that the only additional coding required is the so-called threat subroutine, against
which the countermeasure effectiveness of the target can be determined.
Brunzell, Hakan. "Extraction of Discriminant Features From Impulse Radar Data for Classification of Buried Objects." IN: IGARSS '97 - 1997 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Singapore, Aug. 3-8, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 3, Piscataway, NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1997, p. 1285-1287.
ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the problem of detecting and classifying buried objects. The application in mind when addressing
this problem is the detection of buried landmines. Modern landmines are to a large extent made out of plastic and ceramic
materials. This makes detection with traditional sensors, such as metal detectors and magnetometers, almost impossible. Another
problem with these sensors is the high false alarm rate induced by metallic debris from exploded bomb shells. A sensor type
that seems to have capability to overcome these problems is the impulse radar. The impulse radar can detect nonmetallic objects
buried in the ground. The large bandwidth of the radar also gives additional information that can be used for classification
purposes. The classification abilities enable discrimination between mines and stones and metallic debris, thus reducing the
false alarm rate. An important step towards good classification results is to extract a set of features from measured data.
The present paper elaborates on properties that an admissible feature type must possess, and shows that the choice of features
should be related both to the type of measurements and the type of classifier used. A number of different feature types are
finally evaluated using measured data from an impulse radar system.
_______. Signal Processing Techniques for Detection of Buried Landmines Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Goteborg, Sweden: Chalmers University of Technology, (Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola), 1998, pp. 1-178
ABSTRACT: The present thesis deals with the problem of detecting and classifying buried objects. The application in mind when
addressing this problem is the detection of buried landmines. According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, about
100 million landmines are buried in 62 countries around the world. Modern landmines are to a large extent made out of plastic
and ceramic materials. This makes detection with traditional sensors, such as metal detectors and magnetometers almost impossible.
Another problem with these sensors is the high false alarm rate induced by metallic debris from exploded bomb shells. A sensor
type that may have the capability to overcome these problems is the impulse radar. The impulse radar can detect non-metallic
objects buried in the ground. The large bandwidth of the radar also gives additional information that can be used for classification
purposes. The classification abilities enable discrimination between mines and stones and metallic debris, thus reducing the
false alarm rate. The thesis presents signal processing techniques used for impulse radar based detection and classification
of buried objects. The work constitutes a complete chain of algorithms, from pre-processing of measured data to the presentation
of final results to a system operator. All experimental results presented in the thesis are based on real measured data from
an experimental impulse radar system, called BURLOC, developed at the Swedish Defence Research Establishment (FOA), Sweden.
Brunzell, Hakan and A. Ericsson. "Dual-Antenna Impulse Radar for Improved Detection of Buried Landmines." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 725-734
ABSTRACT: The present paper is a part of a project with the goal of developing a hand-held system for detection of buried
landmines. The system is based on an impulse radar operating in the frequency band 0.3-3 GHz. Previously a crossed dipole
antenna was used for transmit and receive. This antenna has now been complemented by another crossed dipole antenna, rotated
45 deg relative to the first one. The two antenna pairs are not active simultaneously, but transmit/receive alternately. One
advantage of using two rotated antenna pairs is that the dead angles in the antenna pattern will be covered by the second
antenna. Another, perhaps more important, advantage is that the detection capability of the system can be improved by using
the information in both antenna channels. For example, if the antenna is positioned above a relatively smooth surface with
no target present, then the returned signals in the two channels will be almost equal. If, however, a target is present the
signals will be different when we switch between the channels. The second channel also provides an independent realization
of the background clutter, and by fusing the two channels the clutter level can be decreased considerably. This paper presents
different detection algorithms that exploit this information added by the second antenna channel. The algorithms are evaluated
on real data from the impulse radar system.
Buc, Steven M. and George C. Tillery. Cost and Effectiveness Analysis Modeling for Demining Operations. Final report. Arlington, VA: System Planning Corp, January 1996. 91p.
ABSTRACT: This study's objectives were to assess the cost and operational effectiveness of state-of-the-art and emerging demining
technologies, and to quantify the remaining challenges and potential benefits of developing new technologies. Its goals were
to: (1) understand current demining operations and techniques; (2) identify the key cost and operational parameters which
affect demining; (3) model demining operations and quantify the current methods in terms of these parameters; and (4) using
this modeling tool, identify shortcomings and project potential improvements which could be provided by various new systems
and technologies. All study objectives were met. A detailed tradeoff analysis was performed on a Mozambique demining scenario,
using a variety of demining techniques and processes. Computer modeling results were in close agreement with reported field
experiences, in terms of mine clearance rates, costs, and casualties. The computer model source code listing is provided.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A303 257
Buhl, M.R. et al. Dual-Band, Infrared Buried Mine Detection Using a Statistical Pattern Recognition Approach. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, August 1993. 39p.
ABSTRACT: The main objective of this work was to detect surrogate land mines, which were buried in clay and sand, using dual-band,
infrared images. A statistical pattern recognition approach was used to achieve this objective. This approach is discussed
and results of applying it to real images are given.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-114838
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-041279
Butler, Dwain K., et al. Multisensor Methods for Buried Unexploded Ordnance Detection, Discrimination, and Identification. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, September 1998. 182p.
ABSTRACT: Unexploded ordnance (UXO) cleanup is the number one priority Army installation remediation restoration requirement.
The problem is enormous in scope, with millions of acres and hundreds of sites potentially contaminated. Before the UXO can
be recovered and destroyed, it must be located. UXO location requires surface geophysical surveys. The geophysical anomalies
caused by the UXO must be detected, discriminated from geophysical anomalies caused by other sources, and ideally identified
or classified. Recent UXO technology demonstrations, live site demonstrations, and practical UXO surveys for site cleanup
confirm that most UXO anomalies can be detected (with probabilities of detection of 90 percent or better), however there is
little evidence of discrimination capability (i.e., the false alarm rates are high), and there is no identification capability.
Approaches to simultaneously increase probability of detection and decrease false alarm rate and ultimately to give identification/classification
capability involve rational multisensor data integration for discrimination and advanced development of new and emerging technology
for enhanced discrimination and identification. The goal of multisensor data integration is to achieve true joint inversion
of data to a best-fitting model using realistic physics-based models that replicate UXO geometries and physical properties
of the UXO and surrounding geologic materials. Data management, analysis, and display procedures for multisensor data are
investigated. A magnetic modeling capability is developed, validated, and documented that uses a prolate spheroid model of
UXO. The electromagnetic modeling of UXO signatures is more problematic, and an intermediate quasi- empirical modeling capability
(a simple analytical model modified to reflect measured signature observations) is explored.
REPORT NUMBER: WES/SERDP-98-10
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A354 124
Campbell, J.G. Landmine Detection by Scatter Radiation Radiography. Final report. Alexandria, VA: Army Military Personnel Center, 2 July 1987. 564p.
ABSTRACT: The application of scatter radiation radiography to the detection of buried nonmetallic antitank landmines is examined.
A combination of calculations and measurements is used to address the problem. The primary calculation tool is a Monte Carlo
photon transport code. Measurements are made with an x-ray source, sodium iodide detector, and soil box positioning system.
The soil box containing a model of a nonmetallic antitank mine is moved beneath the x-ray source to simulate both the forward
motion of a vehicle transporting the detection system and raster of the beam to search a path of sufficient width to allow
safe passage. Measurements are used to validate the calculation results for a small detector and produce images of buried
mines. The calculations are extended to large area detectors which are required to provide path searches of approximately
three widths. Environmental parameters, such as height sensitivity, soil density and moisture content, and inhomogeneities
are examined in both calculations and measurements. Calculations are used to suggest mine detection mechanisms and to optimize
geometric parameters and x-ray beam quality. Power requirements are also addressed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A182 227
Carevic, Dragana. An Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes for Landmine Recognition. Salisbury, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Tactical Surveillance Systems Division, 1998. 50p.
ABSTRACT: This report investigates an approach to characterizing Ground Probing Radar (GPR) backscatter echoes from landmines
using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. The GPR signatures of surrogate landmines and PVC cylinders buried
in dry sand are measured using impulse radar system with center frequency of 1.4 GHz and a 90% bandwidth. The GPR signal parameters
are represented as sets of complex poles computed from a series of neighboring signatures recorded over each target type.
The algorithm proposed by Kumaresan and Tufts which uses backward linear prediction and the low-rank data matrix approximation
based on singular value decomposition is applied for this computation. The performance of the Kumaresan and Tufts (KT) algorithm
is compared with that of the Prony method when both techniques are applied to modelling simulated signals. It is concluded
that the KT method provides more stable pole estimates. Two approaches to determining the order of the model are examined
and compared for simulated and real data. The results show that the poles corresponding to different target types form clusters
in the two-dimensional alpha-f space (where alpha is the pole damping factor and f is the pole frequency). This indicates
that these pole clusters can be used for the recognition of landmines.
REPORT NUMBER: DSTO-TR-0680
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A356 181
_______. A Kalman Filter-Based Approach to Target Detection and Target- Background Separation in Ground Penetrating Radar Data. Melbourne, Australia: Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory, August 1999. 34p.
ABSTRACT: The returns from shallowly buried targets measured using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) are typically obscured by
a strong background signal comprised of the reflections from the air-soil interface. A Kalman filter-based approach is proposed
to estimate this background signal and to separate it from the target return. In the absence of the target the filter operates
using a "quiescent state model" in which it computes the background estimate. A statistic based on measurement innovation
is applied to detect the target position. Upon detection the state is augmented by a new component which allows for the change
of the signal corresponding to the presence of the target return. The augmented state model is used until it is reverted to
the quiescent model by another decision.
REPORT NUMBER: DSTO-TR-0853
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 784
Carin, Lawrence. Synthetic Aperture Radar for Mine Detection and Identification. Durham, NC: Duke University, Department of Electrical Engineering, August 1999. 11p.
ABSTRACT: This project has focused on modeling and signal processing for the detection and identification of buried and surface
land mines, both metal and plastic. The modeling has been performed through development of a method of moments (MoM) for general
conducting/dielectric targets in an arbitrary multi- layered environment. The model accounts for all loss and dispersion associated
with real soils. Using the MoM models, we have generated computed synthetic- aperture radar (SAR) imagery for buried and surface
mines, with this model data compared very favorably to data measured by the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). Moreover, the
models have been employed in an optimal Bayesian processor, in which the real-world uncertainties have been accounted for,
including variability in the soil properties and the target depth. For the case of anti- tank mines, the results of the Bayesian
processor are very encouraging, demonstrating a dramatic decrease in the false alarm rate, via-a-vis traditional approaches.
This suggests that SAR may be a viable technology for mine field detection.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 415
Carpenter, R.D., and G.N. Romstedt. Counterobstacle Vehicle (COV) Utility Study. Volume 1. Final technical report. January-April 1986. McLean Research Center, Inc., VA, May 1986. 127p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the utility of a single, multi-purpose counterobstacle system
on the future battlefield. The study is accomplished by conducting a time-phased analysis of the interrelationship between
counterobstacle equipment, missions, and threats over a 30 year period, extending from 20 years ago to 10 years in the future
(1965-1995). The analysis involved isolating the counterobstacle mission, by identifying, in priority, the functions performed
in accomplishing that mission. A data base was then established listing US Counterobstacle equipment developed and used over
the time period, together with the opposing threat capability over the same period. These capabilities were then compared
in light of the counterobstacle mission. Wargame analysis was used to show the utility of the counterobstacle system over
the timeframe, and to evaluate the utility of a single, multicapable system, called a counterobstacle vehicle (COV) for the
future. The findings of the study include the following: - The COV is able to reduce the extra losses that accrue to an attacker
from a minefield by one-third. - The COV can improve the chance of successful mission accomplishment of an attacking force
by ten percent. .
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A169 309
Carr, Dale A. Evaluation of the U.S. Policy on Anti-Personnel Landmines. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 7 April 1999. 54p.
ABSTRACT: Landmines have received a great deal of attention. Debating their utility has become a major military/humanitarian
issue. Current U.S. policy on anti-personnel landmines (APL) consists of three major positions. The first position is banning
the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of APL. The second position is to develop APL alternatives through aggressive
research and development. The last position is to improve mine detection and clearing technology for current and future humanitarian
demining operations. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate each major position against what has been done to date (looking
at ends, ways, and means) and then extrapolate this out to the years 2020-2025. This paper evaluates the current policy's
effectiveness by looking at the various programs implemented and actions taken to date. It concludes with recommended changes
to U.S. Policy.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A364 457
Carr-Harris, E. and R. Thal. Mine, Booby-Trap, Tripwire and Tunnel Detection. Raleigh, ND: Behavior Systems, Inc., January 1970. 73p.
ABSTRACT: Reports from the field indicated that German Shepherd scout dogs had been observed to alert on mines, tripwires and other
man-made artifacts. The purpose of the present program was to explore the feasibility of training such animals specifically
to the tasks of detecting mine/tripwires and tunnels, by means of techniques that were sufficiently objective to permit instruction
of military handlers in their use. A six month feasibility study was conducted . Procedures and practices derived from the
formal study of animal behavior were used throughout the program. Because of the success of the first phase of the problem,
a second six months of work was initiated with the objective of training an army scout dog platoon for the capability of mine/tripwire
and tunnel detection. The platoon was judged ready and deployed to Vietnam April 20, 1969. An additional 3 month program was
undertaken to study the feasibility of cross-training tunnel and personnel detection dogs. The results of this work were ambiguous.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 867 404
Carroll, P.W. Mine and Boobytrap Warfare: Lessons Forgotten. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 29 February 1988. 27p.
ABSTRACT: Low-intensity conflict has brought with it many new training opportunities in the methods of warfare. Considering
the probability of involvement at this end of the spectrum of conflict, we must revisit some of the lessons learned over the
past wars and take advantage of the experience gained by our friends and allies. This study examines the experience of U.S.
forces in three conflicts and tracks the changes in the use of mines and boobytraps in terms of casualties. The experiences
of the Thai and Malaysian armies in current hostilities involving mines and boobytraps is also studied. The purpose is to
highlight a potential shortfall in our current training emphasis through an examination of history, probability of intensity
and current training emphasis.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A194 094
Carts, Stanley L. Jr. Feasibility of Non-Metallic Mine Detection by Earth’s Magnetic Field Distortion. Washington, DC: Army Research Office, December 1962.
ABSTRACT: An investigation to determine the worldwide feasibility of a passive magnetic method for detection of nonmetallic land mines
is discussed. The work included ascertaining the natural restrictions imposed upon a passive magnetic detection system by
the magnetic properties of soil containing buried mines. A special measuring system was developed by USAERDL for these studies.
The report concludes that: (a) Use of a passive magnetic mine detection system as a sole means of detection is not feasible
in 74 of the world's land surface; in 12 because of insufficient mine-soil susceptibility contrast alone; in 40% because of
excessive magnetic anomalous (false) signal effects alone; and in 22% because of both insufficient contrast and excessive
anomalies. (b) More sensitive instrumentation will not improve the world-wide feasibility of passive magnetic mine detection
systems because severe restrictions are imposed on the use of passive magnetic phenomenon by natural magnetic soil properties,
and not by inadequate instrument sensitivity.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 286 664
Carts, Stanley L., Jr. and Donald G. Orr and Jack R. Maccormac. Effects of Soil Magnetic Properties and Natural Magnetic Micro-Anomalies of Typical Tropical Soils on Passive Magnetic Land
Mine-Detection Methods. Technical report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Research and Development Laboratories, February 1961. 63p.
ABSTRACT: Measurements were made of micro-distortions in the earth's magnetic field at the soil surface of 24 test sites in the Panama
Canal Zone. The test sites were chosen as representative of typical humid tropical soils. Magnetic properties of the soil
were measured both in the field and in the laboratory. Correlation was found between soil magnetic properties (including natural
magnetic micro-anomalies) and passive magnetic mine detection feasibility. It was concluded that: (1) the use of a passive
magnetic system for detection of nonmetallic 50-cubic-inch mines (AP size) is generally not feasible in the Panama Canal Zone
and is not expected to be feasible in any similar humid tropical region; (2) Anomalous signals produced by natural causes
are the most detrimental factor to passive magnetic methods in humid tropical regions; (3) The most common causes of anomalous
response due to natural effects are buried stones and pieces of rock; and (4) The detection method may be fair in areas of
stone-free homogeneous magnetic sand. These areas, however, represent less than 1 percent of the land area of the Panama Canal
Zone.
REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1665
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 255 994
Chambers, William B., et al. "Chemical Sensing System for Classification of Mine-Like Objects by Explosives Detection." IN:
Detection and Remediation Technologies or Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 453-461.
ABSTRACT: Consideration is given to the development of a field portable chemical sensing system that can be used to examine
minelike objects (MLOs) to determine whether there are explosive molecules associated with the MLOs. Two sampling subsystems
have been designed, one for water collection and one for soil/vapor sampling. The water sampler utilizes a flow-through chemical
adsorbent canister to extract and concentrate the explosive molecules. Explosive molecules are thermally desorbed from the
concentrator and trapped in a focusing stage for rapid desorption into an ion-mobility spectrometer. We will describe a prototype
system, which consists of a sampler, a concentrator-focuser, and a detector. The soil sampler employs a lightweight probe
for extracting and concentrating explosive vapor from the soil in the vicinity of an MLO. The chemical sensing system is capable
of sub-part-per-billion detection of TNT and related explosive munition compounds. We present the results of field and laboratory
tests on buried landmines, which demonstrate our ability to detect the explosive signatures associated with these objects.
Chang, Shu-Kong Scattering by Buried Finite Cylindrical Dielectric Land Mines. Final report. Berkeley, CA: EMTEC Engineering, Inc., March 1979. 52p.
ABSTRACT: The unimoment method is applied to solve the electromagnetic scattering by a buried dielectric finite cylinder simulating
a land mine. The computational results are reported at 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, and 1000 MHz. The fields are presented in
graphical form including parametric studies. The results will greatly enhance the ability of engineers in designing and improving
effective land mine detection systems.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A070 896
Charles F.J. Combat Engineer Equipment: Achilles Heel in the Offense. Student essay. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 7 April 1986. 31p.
ABSTRACT: There is some question whether or not US Army combat engineers have the equipment necessary to provide mobility
support to offensive operations as would be found in Air Land Battle. The current status of engineer equipment and its shortcomings
are described. Recent trends in research, development and acquisition of engineer equipment to provide counterobstacle and
countermine support on the battlefield are discussed. The inability of engineers to obtain the priority and funds needed to
modernize their equipment is attributed to a general lack of understanding and appreciation of the necessity of engineer support
in the offense. To counter this condition the need to retain the initiative in the offense, the nature of the Soviet threat,
and weaknesses in realistic combat engineer combined arms training are cited. The conclusion is that weaknesses in combat
engineering equipment can be overcome only with support of the other combat arms who must carefully weight the risks incurred
during offensive operations if engineer equipment does not complement the modernize systems of the combined arms team.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A170 235
Chester, K.L. Influence and Outcome: The Making of a US Policy on Anti-Personnel Landmines. Master's thesis. Columbia, SC: South Carolina University, 1999. 164p.
ABSTRACT: In the spring of 1996, a very public and rancorous debate ensued over the question of whether the United States
would lead, or even join in, the global effort to ban the manufacture and use of anti-personnel landmines. It was a debate
that had been dragging on for a while among foreign policy elites and defense experts both in and out of uniform. However,
in a very short period of time a series of events caused the issue to spill over into the public arena. Understanding the
emotion and deep convictions that surround the issue of a permanent ban on anti-personnel landmines requires some appreciation
for the unique place mines hold in the history of warfare. Few weapons have caused more suffering and engendered more terror
in generations of foot soldiers and civilian victims of conflict than have the silent killers buried deep beneath the soil
of the battlefield. Similarly, understanding the mechanics of attempting to draft and implement a ban on landmines requires
one to become familiar with the legal aspects of landmines as weapons. Those who support a total ban on anti-personnel landmines,
as well as those who advocate their use, find justification for their positions under international law as derived from both
treaty and custom. Finally, a quick look at the recent history of international efforts to ban anti-personnel landmines is
necessary to better understand how the issue made it from the meeting rooms of international conferences half a world away
and onto the foreign policy agenda of the Clinton administration in early 1996.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A364 209
Chotiros, Nicholas P. High Frequency Buried Target Imaging. Austin, TX: University of Texas, Austin, Applied Research Laboratories, October 1997. 27p.
ABSTRACT: Acoustical imaging can potentially provide a buried object classification capability. The image quality is expected to be
a function of sediment type, burial depth, and grazing angle. Image degradation is caused by propagation and scattering processes
that can be modeled and experimentally measured. Three physical mechanisms were investigated: ghosting, warping, and fogging.
Fogging, caused by backscattering from the sediment, is expected to be the limiting factor. A laboratory experiment was conducted
to test the findings but the results were inconclusive.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A330 065
Chotiros, Nicholas P., et al. Physics of Buried Mine Detection and Classification. Final technical report. Texas Univ. at Austin. Applied Research Labs.,12 May 1995. 15p.
ABSTRACT: The physics of buried mine detection in offshore sediments and in the surf zone was investigated. Optical techniques
are useless because they cannot penetrate sediments while magnetic techniques are of low value because of low resolution,
short range, and the introduction of non-magnetic mines. For buried mine detection in the off-shore sediment acoustic penetration
at shallow grazing angles was explored. An experiment was conducted jointly with SACLANTCEN to measure sound propagation into
a sediment in the 500 Hz to 2 kHz band, and a theoretical fast field model was developed to model the penetration. In the
surf zone, where bubble clouds are expected to render acoustic methods unreliable, seismic sonar methods were explored as
a means to echo range off buried targets. Tests with controlled pulses revealed that the far-field response was dominated
by two interface waves. The results have been very encouraging.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A294 394
Clapp, Frederick L., Jr. US Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy vis-a-vis the Ottawa Anti-Personnel Landmine Treaty. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, April 1998. 49p.
ABSTRACT: Anti-personnel landmines (APL) left in the aftermath of various conflicts around the world claim a multitude of
civilian victims each year. Dismay with this annual human toll spawned a worldwide movement to ban the manufacture, use or
sale of APL, culminating in Ottawa, Canada on 3 December 1997 when 122 nations, but not the United States, signed a treaty
implementing such a ban. While the United States supports the general goals of the treaty, our current APL policy is not in
accord with an absolute ban. Instead, US policy preserves our ability to use non-self-destructing APL along the Korean DMZ
and self-destructing APL worldwide. This paper will show that US APL policy is sound and that we should not sign the Ottawa
Treaty.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A344 861
Clark,G. A., et al. Computer Vision and Sensor Fusion for Detecting Buried Objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, October 1992. 7p. [Annual Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers
(26th), Pacific Grove, CA, 25-30 October 1992.]
ABSTRACT: Given multiple images of the surface of the earth from dual-band infrared sensors, our system fuses information
from the sensors to reduce the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect buried or surface target sites. Supervised
learning pattern classifiers (including neural networks,) are used. We present results of experiments to detect buried land
mines from real data, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing information from multiple sensor types. The novelty of the work
lies mostly in the combination of the algorithms and their application to the very important and currently unsolved problem
of detecting buried land mines from an airborne standoff platform.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-112103, CONF-92-102314
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE93-012605
______. Computer Vision for Locating Buried Objects. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, November 1991. 7p. [Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific
Grove, CA, 4-6 November 1991.]
ABSTRACT: Given two registered images of the earth, measured with aerial dual-band infrared (IR) sensors, we use advanced
computer vision/automatic target recognition techniques to estimate the positions of buried land mines. The images are very
difficult to interpret, because of large amounts of clutter. Conventional techniques use single-band imagery and simple correlations.
They rely heavily on the judgment of the human doing the interpretation, and give unsatisfactory results with difficult data
sets of the type we analyzed. Our automatic algorithms are able to eliminate most of the clutter and give greatly improved
indications of regions in the image that could be interpreted as mines. The novelty of our approach lies in the following
aspects: (1) a patented data fusion technique using two IR images and physical principles based on Planck's law, (2) a new
region-based texture segmentation algorithm using Gabor Transform features and a clustering/thresholding algorithm based on
a neural network (Self-Organizing Feature Map), (3) Prior knowledge of measured feasible temperatures and emissivities, and
(4) results with real data using buried surrogate mines.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-107626, CONF-91-111012
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE92-013979
______. Data Fusion for the Detection of Buried Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, October 1993. 13p. [International Symposium on Substance Identification Technologies,
Innsbruck (Austria), 4-8 October 1993.]
ABSTRACT: The authors conducted experiments to demonstrate the enhanced delectability of buried land mines using sensor fusion
techniques. Multiple sensors, including imagery, infrared imagery, and ground penetrating radar, have been used to acquire
data on a number of buried mines and mine surrogates. The authors present this data along with a discussion of the application
of sensor fusion techniques for this particular detection problem. The authors describe the data fusion architecture and discuss
some relevant results of these classification methods.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-114623, CONF-93-101649
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE94-006189
______. Detection of Buried Objects by Fusing Dual-Band Infrared Images. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, November 1993. 13p. [Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, 1-3 November 1993.]
ABSTRACT: We have conducted experiments to demonstrate the enhanced detectability of buried land mines using sensor fusion
techniques. Multiple sensors, including visible imagery, infrared imagery, and ground penetrating radar (GPR), have been used
to acquire data on a number of buried mines and mine surrogates because the visible wavelength and GPR data are currently
incomplete. This paper focuses on the fusion of two-band infrared images. We use feature-level fusion and supervised learning
with the probabilistic neural network (PNN) to evaluate detection performance. The novelty of the work lies in the application
of advanced target recognition algorithms, the fusion of dual-band infrared images and evaluation of the techniques using
two real data sets.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-114321, CONF-93-111355
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE94-008286
______. Land Mine Detection Using Multispectral Image Fusion. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 29 March 1995. 12p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures,
Monterey, CA, 3-7 April 1995.]
ABSTRACT: Our system fuses information contained in registered images from multiple sensors to reduce the effects of clutter
and improve the ability to detect surface and buried land mines. The sensor suite currently consists of a camera that acquires
images in six bands (400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm and 900nm). Past research has shown that it is extremely difficult
to distinguish land mines from background clutter in images obtained from a single sensor. It is hypothesized, however, that
information fused from a suite of various sensors is likely to provide better detection reliability, because the suite of
sensors detects a variety of physical properties that are more separable in feature space. The materials surrounding the mines
can include natural materials (soil, rocks, foliage, water, etc.) and some artifacts. We use a supervised learning pattern
recognition approach to detecting the metal and plastic land mines. The overall process consists of four main parts: Preprocessing,
feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. These parts are used in a two step process to classify a subimage.
We extract features from the images, and use feature selection algorithms to select only the most important features according
to their contribution to correct detections. This allows us to save computational complexity and determine which of the spectral
bands add value to the detection system. The most important features from the various sensors are fused using a supervised
learning pattern classifier (the probabilistic neural network). We present results of experiments to detect land mines from
real data collected from an airborne platform, and evaluate the usefulness of fusing feature information from multiple spectral
bands.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-120710, CONF-95-041544
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-017825
______. Multispectral Image Fusion for Detecting Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, April 1995. 17p. [SPIE International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing
and Dual-Use Photonics, Orlando, FL, 17-21 April 1995.]
ABSTRACT: This report details a system which fuses information contained in registered images from multiple sensors to reduce
the effects of clutter and improve the ability to detect surface and buried land mines. The sensor suite currently consists
of a camera that acquires images in six bands (400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm and 900nm). Past research has shown that
it is extremely difficult to distinguish land mines from background clutter in images obtained from a single sensor. It is
