Land Mines & Demining in the 20th Century: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports which have been issued with distribution limitations (e.g., DOD only or FOUO), due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution reference only. Abstracts were taken from the DTIC [Defense Technical Information Center] and NTIS [National Technical Information Service] databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the authors of this bibliography.

Dashcund, D. IRAAM Wind Tunnel Test. Task III. Final technical report. Wilmington, MA: Avco Systems Div., 30 August 1983. 63p.
ABSTRACT: A deceleration, orientation and stabilization system for the deployment of the anti-armor mine (IRAAM) submunition was developed and tested at the Wright-Patterson vertical wind tunnel facility. The system employs a flexible samara airfoil with a tip mass arranged to provide the proper spin rate, descent rate and coning angle. Samara wings of KEVLAR material were fabricated using a flat webbing construction and also a construction consisting of KEVLAR cords enclosed in a nylon envelope. Blades varied in both area and platform aspect ratio. Blade spans ranged from 2.5 to 10.0 inches. Blade widths varied from 2 to 4 inches. All of the IRAAM models used for testing were dimensionally full scale. One model of the nominal configuration was full weight. The other two models were half weight. The tip weight varied up to 5% of the model weight. The test program is outlined. All test procedures and equipment are described. The test results are analyzed and recommendations are made for future developmental studies.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A135 256

Davis, H.A., et al. Neutron-Based Land Mine Detection System Development. Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 1997. 25p.
ABSTRACT: This is the final report of a one-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The goal of this project was to examine the feasibility of developing a land mine detection system that can detect nonmetallic (plastic) mines using the detection and analysis of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA). The authors approached this study by first carrying out a review of other nonmetallic land mine detection methods for comparison with the PGNAA concept. They reviewed issues associated with detecting and recording the return gamma signal resulting from neutrons interacting with high explosive in mines and they examined two neutron source technologies that have been under development at Los Alamos for the past several years for possible application to a PGNAA system. A major advantage of the PGNAA approach is it's ability to discriminate detection speed and need for close proximity. The authors identified approaches to solving these problems through development of improved neutron sources and detection sensors.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-97-2274
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE 98-000069

Dean, A.M., and C.R. Martinson. Mine Detection Using Non-Sinusoidal Radar. Part 1. Spatial Analysis of Laboratory Test Data. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, August 1984. 105p.
ABSTRACT: The interaction among UHF radiation, winter roadway conditions and buried mines was investigated in a refrigerated facility. The near-field spatial return from each target was unique. When the target was not in the near field the spatial return was not at all unique. Cobbles in the medium had little effect, but surface-thawed conditions significantly affected the spatial return, and the reflected signal strength and frequency content. The primary frequency content of the returned signal was either spread over a band broader than that of the transmitted primary frequencies, or completely outside of the primary detection band. We conclude that the complexity of winter roadway conditions requires (1) a much broader frequency band than is currently being considered, and (2) a more complex and adaptive background-removal, signal-enhancement scheme than is currently used. Further, more data are required describing the interaction of the winter media, UHF radiation, and buried mines so that adequate detection instrumentation can be developed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A150 471

Dean, K.J., and J.A. Christians. Battlefield Related Evaluation and Analysis of Countermine Hardware (BREACH). Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, 1973. 11p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989. ]
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the methodology being used at MERDC to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated family of countermine equipment. The scenarios and hierarchy of models used to determine systems effectiveness and operational feasibilities are described. The essential countermine missions of the Army are examined along with a comparative evaluation of a typical baseline system.

Deeds, F. E., Flix W. Fleming, and Robert K. Stump. Mine-Field Clearance by Nuclear Weapons. Kansas City, MO: Midwest Research Institute, August 1960. 112p.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project was to investigate the behavior of pressure-activated antitank mines under air-blast loading from a nuclear detonation. Of particular interest were the reliability of current methods for predicting probability of land-mine actuation from nuclear detonations, the effect of burial depth on mine actuation, and the effect of sympathetic actuation in extending the range of mine clearance. In addition, a study was initiated to determine if special methods were needed for prediction of mine actuation at particular ranges of transition in the pressure-wave shape. Fifteen mine types, both United States and foreign, were employed. Test results indicated: (1) the procedures for predicting mine actuation under nuclear detonations were reasonably accurate; (2) in the live mine fields, sympathetic actuation occurred among mines; (3) the response of the Universal Indicator Mines (UIM) increased with burial depths to a maximum value between 6 and 9 in.; and (4) the reliability of the actuation curves can be improved by laboratory testing of adequate sampling mines.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 358 121

Del Grande, N. Sensor Fusion Methodology for Remote Detection of Buried Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, April 1990. 20p. [National Symposium on Sensor Fusion (3rd), Orlando, FL, 16-20 April 1990.]
ABSTRACT: We are investigation a sensor fusion methodology for remote detection of buried land mines. Our primary approach is sensor intrafusion. Our dual-channel passive IR methodology decouples true (corrected) surface temperature variations of 0.2(degree)C from spatially dependent surface emissivity noise. It produces surface temperature maps showing patterns of conducted heat from buried objects which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Our methodology exploits Planck's radiation law. It produces separate maps of surface emissivity variations which allow us to reduce false alarms. Our secondary approach is sensor interfusion using other methodologies. For example, an active IR CO(sub 2) laser reflectance channel helps distinguish surface targets unrelated to buried land mines at night when photographic methods are ineffective. Also, the interfusion of ground penetrating radar provides depth information for confirming the site of buried objects. Together with EG&G in Las Vegas, we flew a mission at Nellis AFB using the Daedalus dual-channel (5 and 10 micron) IR scanner mounted on a helicopter platform at an elevation of 60 m above the desert sand. We detected surface temperature patterns associated with buried (inert) land mines covered by as much as 10 cm of dry sand. The respective spatial, spectral, thermal, emissivity and temporal signatures associated with buried targets differed from those associated with surface vegetation, rocks and manmade objects. Our results were consistent with predictions based on the annual Temperature Wave Model. They were confirmed by field measurements. The dual-channel sensor fusion methodology is expected to enhance the capabilities of the military and industrial community for standoff mine detection. Other important potential applications are open skies, drug traffic control and environmental restoration at waste burial sites. 11 figs.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-103626, CONF-90-041881
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE90-010633

_______. Temperature Evaluated Mine Position Survey (TEMPS) Application of Dual-Band Infrared Methodology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1990. 20p. [ IRIS Specialty Group Meeting on Passive Sensors and Atmospheric Physics, Laurel, MD, 13 March 1990. ]
ABSTRACT: We are investigating a temperature evaluated mine position survey (TEMPS) for remote detection of buried land mines. The TEMPS methodology uses two passive IR channels peaked near 5 and 10 microns to decouple temperature from emissivity related effects. The true (corrected) temperature maps show surface temperature variations of 0.2(degree)C. Corrections are made for air-path interference and reflected sky radiation. We exploit a property of Planck's radiation law which applies for small temperature excursions from 288 K. The radiant emittance is proportional to emissivity times absolute temperature to the power of (50/wavelength in microns). Our corrected temperature maps show patterns of conducted heat generated by buried objects which heat and cool at different rates than the surrounding materials. These patterns are distinguished from the patterns produced by surface objects. Their respective spatial, spectral, thermal, emissivity and temporal signatures differ. EG & G flew a dual-band IR scanner at 60 m for our demonstration of the TEMPS methodology at Nellis AFB. We detected simulated mine targets covered by 10 cm of dry sand. Optimization of this technology is expected to enhance the capabilities of the military community for standoff mine detection and other applications. 9 refs., 11 figs., 1 tab.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-103264, CONF-90-03963
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE90-009182

Del Grande, N. K., et al. Buried Object Remote Detection Technology for Law Enforcement. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, March 1991. 28p. [SPIE International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, Orlando, FL, 1-5 April 1991.]
ABSTRACT: We have developed a precise airborne temperature-sensing technology to detect buried objects for use by law enforcement. Demonstrations have imaged the sites of buried foundations, walls and trenches; mapped underground waterways and aquifers; and been used to locate underground military objects. Our patented methodology is incorporated in a commercially available, high signal-to-noise, dual-band infrared scanner with real-time, 12-bit digital image processing software and display. Our method creates color-coded images based on surface temperature variations of 0.2 (degrees)C. Unlike other less-sensitive methods, it maps true (corrected) temperatures by removing the (decoupled) surface emissivity mask equivalent to 1(degrees)C or 2(degrees)C; this mask hinders interpretation of apparent (blackbody) temperatures. Once removed, were are able to identify surface temperature patterns from small diffusivity changes at buried object sites which heat and cool differently from their surroundings. Objects made of different materials and buried at different depths are identified by their unique spectra, spatial, thermal, temporal, emissivity and diffusivity signatures. We have successfully located the sites of buried (inert) simulated land mines 0.1 to 0.2 m deep; sod-covered rock pathways alongside dry ditches, deeper than 0.2 m; pavement covered burial trenches and cemetery structures as deep as 0.8 m; and aquifers more than 6 m and less 60 m deep. Our technology could be adapted for drug interdiction and pollution control..
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-104637, CONF-91-045013
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE91-013587

Delaney, J. E. Apparatus for Clearing Mines. Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, filed 4 June 1992, patented 29 June 1993. 15p.
ABSTRACT: An abstract is provided which is capable of clearing encased explosives such as land mines. This apparatus combines a shaped charge jet with a plate penetrator. A depression is formed in a column of a first explosive material. The depression is provided with a metal liner such that detonation of the first explosive material forms a shaped charge jet. The shaped charge jet passes through a hole in a plate penetrator and exits the device without detonating a second explosive material. The shaped charge jet strikes the ground and imparts kinetic energy. As the energy in the shaped charge jet is consumed, the second explosive material detonates and drives the plate penetrator to supersonic velocities. Since shaped charge jet velocity exceeds the detonation velocity of the second explosive material, the shaped charge jet clears a path ahead of the plate penetrator. This results in higher velocity when the plate penetrator impacts the encased explosive, and consequently a greater chance of inducing explosion and neutralization.
REPORT NUMBER: PATENT 5,223,666

DeLony, J. W. Tactical Mobility and the In-Stride Obstacle Breach: Impossible, Probable, Futuristic. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, 29 November 1988. 72p.
ABSTRACT: This monograph analyzes the concept of an in-stride breach of an obstacle by a tactical maneuver force. Its focus is on a historical and current review of the tactical doctrines of the U.S. and Soviet armies’ development of tactics, equipment, and force structure to execute an in-stride breach of an obstacle concurrent to sustaining the momentum of a maneuver force. Given the friction of terrain and combined arms operations, the paper seeks to answer whether the in-stride obstacle breach is possible for either force on today's battlefield. The study begins with a discussion of tactical mobility theory associated with an in-stride obstacle breach. Historical experiences and doctrine for breaching obstacles from World War II are presented for the U.S. and the Soviets. Current doctrine, equipment, and force structure for the two armies are reviewed for analysis and comparisons. Conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of each army's capability to conduct an in-stride obstacle breach are made. A final section of recommendations for future U.S. AirLand Battle in-stride obstacle breach operations is presented.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A221 445

Department of the Army Staff Study Estimating Land Mine Operational Requirements for Mobilization Planning. (revised). Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Engineers (Army), August 1958. 47p.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 389 668

DeRiggi, D.F. Analysis of Variance of the Countermine Experiment (CME). Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, October 1997. 59p.
ABSTRACT: The Countermine Experiment, conducted at the Mounted Warfare Testbed at Ft Knox, KY in July of 1996 by this Night Vision Sensors Division of Ft Belvoir, VA and the Engineer Battle Testbed of Ft Leonard Wood, MO, was a classic 2 to the 3rd factorial experiment. It examined three classes of countermine systems in which each class had two representations. The three categories of countermine systems were aerial surveillance, ground surveillance, and explosive breaching systems. An analysis of variance performed on the number of Blue vehicles lost during this experiment indicates that the aerial surveillance system is the most significant factor in reducing Blue losses to mines.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-2011; IDA/HQ97-001465
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A333 342

Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pts. 1 & 2 Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pts. 1 & 2), 1998, p. Pt.1, 677 p.; pt.2, 626 p
ABSTRACT: The present two-volume collection of articles on detection and remediation technologies for mines and minelike targets discusses EM methods, acoustic sensing, sonar image classification, sonar image detection, wideband acoustic classification, and chemical /biological sensors. Attention is given to radar, other sensor systems, X-ray, signal and image processing and ATR, and sensor fusion. Specific topics addressed include detection of buried mines from array inductive measurements, EM induction spectroscopy, passive IR polarization sensors as a new technology for mine detection, visual ordnance recognition for clearing test ranges, and thin film resonators for TNT vapor detection. Also considered are canine detection signatures for mine-related explosives, design of optical sensor arrays with enhanced sensitivity for explosives detection, an airborne ground-penetrating radar system to detect surface and subsurface land mines, and acoustic resonance for nonmetallic mine detection.

Detection of Land Mines and Sound Ranging. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development, September 1946.
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 221 602

Detection of Remote Minefields Project Plan I. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 15 December 78. 124p.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the minefield detection project is to determine the effectiveness of remote sensing systems and other methods of detecting and identifying mines, minefields, minelaying equipment, or minelaying operations, and to recommend continuing effort on the most promising this research and development program. This first project plan (Plan I) defines the work to be performed during the contract period with primary emphasis on the first years' effort. The project effort will concentrate on the European Theater of Operations. The terrain of interest is the West German border areas which are generally exemplified by flat plains to the north and rolling terrain to the south. Primary emphasis will be placed on detecting and identifying anti-tank (AT) and anti-vehicular (AV) mines, and will be directed toward hasty mining and minefields associated with tactical offensive operations (i.e., surface mines). Minefields may be detected by both direct observation or by inferential observations, and both approaches will be investigated. Work under the project concerned with each of the concepts to be investigated will be performed in a sequence of four major tasks: (1) identification and screening of promising techniques; (2) preliminary systems analysis and definition of experimental or other data acquisitions systems; (3) acquisition of critical data through experiment, literature survey, or access to SCI; and (4) evaluation of conceptual systems for technical and military usefulness. Four major scenarios for Soviet mine warfare operations have been adopted for analytical purposes.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 476

Dillencourt, M. B., et al. Expert System for Minefield Site Prediction. Phase 1. Annual technical report. February 1987-January 1988. Reston, VA: PAR Government Systems Corp., February 1988. 46p.
ABSTRACT: The software design of the prototype Minefield Site Prediction Expert Systems (MSPES) is described. The ultimate goal of the system is to emulate the role of a terrain analyst in predicting likely mine sites. The major components of the system are the inference system, the geographic information system, and the user interface. The inference system is driven by a goal-directed backward chaining mechanisms. The geographic information system is based on quadtrees. The user interface is menu-driven, and is based on an object-oriented graphics package. This report describes the implementation of the prototype system. It also contains recommendations for the operational system, based on an evaluation of the prototype system. Descriptions of data format conversion capabilities, a detailed description of the geographic processing algorithms, and a complete listing of the rulebase are included as appendices.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A192 990

Disposal of Chemical Munitions and Agents. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Committee on Demilitarizing Chemical Munitions and Agents, 1984. 234p.
ABSTRACT: For more than half a century, the United States has maintained a stockpile of highly toxic chemical agents and munitions for possible use in a wartime situation. The United States maintains its stockpile principally to deter other countries from using such munitions against U.S. forces. Four basic chemicals are kept. These are the nerve agents VX, which is persistent in its effects, and sarin (GB),* which is nonpersistent; the mustard agents H, HD, and HT, which are usually referred to simply as H; and the hallucinogenic agent BZ. These chemical agents are stored at eight U.S. Army depots in the Continental United States as well as on Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The latter depot was not a part of this study. Each depot varies in size, in the type and number of agents and munitions in storage, and in its proximity to off-site civilian populations. Moreover, the agents are kept in a variety of containers and munitions--rockets, land mines, artillery and mortar shells, bombs and spray tanks, and bulk containers.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A148 584

Douglas, Stephen, et al. Denying Access to an Area and Controlling Enemy Movement: Alternatives to Land Mines. West Point, NY: Military Academy, Operations Research Center, June 1998. 176p.
ABSTRACT: The Area Denial design group of Stephen E. Douglas, Michael T. Golden, Franklin B. Scherra, Jr., Bryan J. Wiley, Mike Talbot, and Eric R. Swenson, has designed a system that will limit access to an area and constrain the movement of the enemy forces. Several types of land mines are in use today that fall under the anti-tank or anti-personnel categories. These mines can be employed in many different manners. Some require aerial dispersal while others have to be deployed manually. Land mines are an effective means to delay, fix, disrupt, deny, turn, or destroy enemy forces in combat. However, unrecovered conventional land mines pose a threat because they remain armed after the conflict ends. Currently, several nations are proposing to ban anti-personnel land mines that do not self-destruct or can not be command detonated. We assume the political pressure against land mines will eventually encompass both anti- personnel and anti-tank mines. The mounting political pressure against land mines has forced the United States to look for alternatives to deny enemy force 5 access to specific areas. The objective of our group was to provide alternative area denial systems to replace the conventional land mine. Our most promising alternative deals with the Intelligent Wide Area Munitions (IWAM) because of the extensive work that has already been done on that system.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A361 531

Edwards, David C. Expendable Mine-Clearing Roller (ENSURE 202.1). Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development, January 1972, 106p.
ABSTRACT: The report covers the development, testing, and field use in South Viet Nam of the expendable, mine-clearing roller. The data developed and the present status of the roller regarding type classification are also discussed. The period of time actually covered by this report is from September 1969 through August 1971 and, most specifically, is related to ENSURE 202.1. Appendices include an installation, operation, and maintenance manual prepared by the contractor; the report of the contractor's field engineer while serving as part of the NET team; and a statement of the operational suitability message from USARV. A Final Evaluation Report dated 26 July 1971 is also included.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 737 723

Engel, T. G., W. C. Nunnally, and N. B. VanKirk. "Research Progress on an Airborne Ground Penetrating Radar System to Detect Surface and Subsurface Landmines." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 586-595.
ABSTRACT: Research progress on the design, construction, and operation of a novel, airborne ground penetrating radar system to detect surface and subsurface landmines is presented. The landmine detection system is unique in that active, electronic projectiles are shot into the ground from an airborne platform to create high power, monopulse radar signals. Intimate contact between the projectile and the ground reduces the amount of reflected radar energy at the air-soil interface and ensures that maximum radar energy is propagated into the surrounding ground. The end result is that the reflected radar signal is of higher energy and possesses a higher SNR, allowing enhanced detectability. The high power, monopulse signal that is reflected off the landmine is received at the airborne platform via a scanned antenna array. In comparison, conventional ground penetrating radar systems typically use chirped or long pulse signals and horn-type antennas located close to the ground, limiting their usefulness in this application. To generate electrical energy, two types of projectiles are used and are based on the principle of magnetic flux compression or by the principle of piezoelectric compression. The performance results of these two projectile types, as well as the models used to predict their behavior, are presented and discussed.

Evaluation of Individual Demonstrator Performance at the Unexploded Ordnance Advanced Technology Demonstration Program at Jefferson Proving Ground (Phase 1). Report for August 1993-December 1994. Indian Head, MD: Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Center, Indian Head, March 1995. 194p.
ABSTRACT: The data contained in this report is a supplement to report SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-94120, "Unexploded Ordnance Advanced Technology Demonstration Program at Jefferson Proving Ground (Phase I)." This report provides a further analysis of the individual demonstrators and the performance of their systems when used to detect, identify and/or remedy buried unexploded ordnance under realistic, controlled conditions.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 074

Evaluation of the Locally Fabricated Belche Minesweep. Army Concept Team in Vietnam, December 1968. 10p.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 850 760

Evans, Giles L., Jr. Evaluation of Minefield Clearing Devices. Fort Belvoir, VA: Engineer Board, September 1945. 71p
ABSTRACT: None Available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 156 854

Expert System to Help Assess Tactical Air Readiness and Capability. Phase 1 Report. Washington, DC: Synergy, Inc., 30 May 1986. 97p. [See also Appendices, AD-A173 698 - AD-A173 700. Prepared in cooperation with Systems Research and Applications Corp., Arlington, VA.]
ABSTRACT: Being built is a demonstration expert system that allows users to ask questions in English about major resources and their effects on U.S. tactical aircraft sorties in central Europe. The system will handle two types of questions. The first are those that require understanding the request, knowing what data bases (if any) to search, searching those data bases, selecting the right piece of information, and presenting the answer to a user in a format he wants. The second type are those questions that require substantive expertise and thinking to answer (i.e., those that require both an intelligent search for information and expert analysis of that information). The demonstration system will answer questions drawing on 6 types of information: 1) Characteristics of U.S. tactical aircraft in Europe; 2) The specific missions those aircrafts fly; 3) The number and type of conventional munitions associated with U.S. tactical aircraft; 4) Availability of and POL requirements for U.S. tactical aircraft; 5) Aircrew status and availability; and 6) Status and descriptions of 4 U.S. tactical airfields (Spangdahlem, Bitburg, Hahn, Ramstein).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A173 697

Falls, Robert A. and Louis Mittelman. Forecasting of the Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties of Soils by the Study of Their Climatological Environment. Final report. September 1974-September 1977. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, September 1978. 104p.
ABSTRACT: For a number of years, efforts have been made to accumulate data on soil - particularly, electromagnetic and thermal properties. The ultimate purpose being a better understanding of the interaction of land mine detectors and the soil. Conventional field and laboratory efforts, up to the present, have not been able to develop sufficient confidence in estimating these properties over wide geographic areas and seasons of the year. This report evaluates the efforts to develop an innovative technique utilizing the available laboratory/field data with a climatological concept that estimates seasonal, soil-moisture behavior. Once the yearly variation of the moisture is established for an area, all other soil properties related to moisture can be predicted. Currently, the probability of success using this predictive technique is approaching 0.75.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A069 283

Fambroo III, Dillard H. A Combat Simulation Analysis of the Amphibious Assault Vehicle in Countermine Operations. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999. 74p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of an Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) as a mine countermeasure in the surf zone and beach zone (sz/bz). In order to show the utility of these approaches, this thesis presents results from three different scenarios. Scenario one provides a baseline and is conducted with the amphibious landing force moving onshore with no minefield breaching operations being conducted. Scenario two encompasses a more traditional method of minefield breaching. Scenario three will use AAVs only to breach the surf zone and beach zone minefields. The focus will be placed on the number of mines neutralized as well as the number of assets killed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A370 835

Feddema, John T., Rush D. Robinett, and Brian J. Driessen. "Explaining Finite State Machine Characteristics Using Variable Structure Control." IN: Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Autonomous Robotic Systems; Proceedings of the Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 14, 15, 1997, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3209), 1997, p. 46-54.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes how variable structure control can be used to describe the overall behavior of multiple autonomous robotic vehicles with simple finite state machine rules. The importance of this result is that we can then begin to design provably asymptotically stable group behaviors from a set of simple control laws and appropriate switching points with variable structure control. The ability to prove convergence to a goal is especially important for applications such as locating military targets or land mines.

Fields, D. J., et al. "Hyperspectral Mine Detector Program." IN: International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition - Development, Integration, Applications & Operations, 3rd, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 7-10, 1997, Proceedings. Vol. 1, Ann Arbor, MI, ERIM International, Inc., 1997, p. I-17 to I-24.
ABSTRACT: The DARPA sponsored Hyperspectral Mine Detection (HMD) program was initiated in February 1994 to investigate methods for remote detection of buried land mines using advanced hyperspectral sensors. The technology of hyperspectral sensors is rapidly advancing, and sensors have recently been developed for the thermal infrared. The HMD program is concentrating on extending current optical surface detection capability to the situation of buried mines. The DARPA Hyperspectral Mine Detection program is identifying and developing technology to find these mines quickly and affordably. Hyperspectral Mine Detection sensors can be employed from a helicopter or a low flying aircraft to detect mines on roads and in off-road areas.

Filling Apparatuses, Chemical Land Mine. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, February 1970. 24p.
ABSTRACT: This Engineering Test Procedure describes test methods and techniques for evaluating technical performance and characteristics of Chemical Land Mine Filling Apparatuses. The evaluation is related to criteria established by applicable Qualitative Materiel Requirements (QMR), Small Development Requirements (SDR), Technical Characteristics (TC), or other appropriate design requirements and specifications.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 868 257

Fitch, V. L., and L. Lederman. Air-Sown Mines for the Massive Barrier. Research paper. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, Jason Division, May 67. 7p.
ABSTRACT: A discussion of a series of air-sown mines designed to complement the use of gravel mines and to be sown densely along wider trails and roads is presented. The basic design is a pencil-shaped, fin-stabilized device which would be capable of soil penetration to a predetermined depth, so that a plunger-activator projects just slightly above the trail surface. The objective is to produce a system of cheap, small devices that would present a formidable barrier to infiltration and would be difficult to counter.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 383 442

Fitzsimmons, F. FASCOM Soldering Process Control Evaluation. Final report. Columbus Labs., OH: Battelle, 31 December 1982. 18p.
ABSTRACT: Based upon observations of the manufacturing processes at Honeywell, Inc., New Brighton, MN and Aerojet Corp., Downey, CA, the writer feels that certain major activities must be performed to ensure minimum risk and maximum reliability of the finished product. The recommendations contained in this report will promote similarity in FASCAM products. ADAM and RAAM are both delivered to target in basically the same manner; both are expected to face the same stress conditions in storage and in use. Therefore, there should be a single, unified standard of workmanship for FASCAM products.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A164 194

Fleischer, Peter. Evaluation and Selection of Test Sites for BURMMS. Technical note. NSTL MS: Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, January 1981. 26p.
ABSTRACT: This report develops a procedure for selection, identification, and evaluation of test sites to be used in the development of BURMMS (Buried Mine Minehunting System). Potential test sites are evaluated and ranked by this procedure. Panama City, Florida, Norfolk, Virginia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, are proposed as the primary BURMMS test sites. The site selection rationale is based on three categories of test site attributes: (1) environmental parameters of the bottom that influence mine burial prediction; (2) physical setting at the test sites in which operations will be performed; and (3) logistical aspects of utilizing the test sites.
REPORT NUMBER: NORDA-TN-90
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A098 907

Fleischer, Peter and Dawn L. Lavoie. Ground-Truth Area Selection and Characterization for Mine Countermeasures Tactical Environmental Data System. Final report. Stennis Space Center, MS: Naval Research Laboratory, Geoacoustics/Geotechnical Section, June 1996. 107p.
ABSTRACT: Three candidate sites were selected that are suitable as analogs for a variety of forward areas for Mine Countermeasures Tactical Environmental Data System development and testing. From an initial evaluation of 13 areas in U.S. waters and from comparison to certain forward areas, two sites (1) the Mississippi Gulf Coast/Chandeleur Island and (2) Key West, FL, and surrounding areas were chosen as the most suitable ground-truth areas. A third site, offshore of Panama City, FL, was added to take advantage of an ongoing research program, the Coastal Benthic Boundary Layer research program. For each of the three ground-truth areas, the following is presented: (1) a summary of salient characteristics, (2) a listing of existing data bases, and (3) an annotated bibliography.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A311 448

Foster, J. Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Clearance, Active Range UXO Clearance, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Programs. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Acquisition and Technology), Washington, DC. April 1998. 48p.
ABSTRACT: Contamination of land and sea from unexploded ordnance has grown to a level where it now presents a serious problem in the United States. Estimates provided to the Task Force indicate that over 15 million acres in the United States may contain some level of UXO contamination, at about 1,500 different sites. Virtually all UXO contamination in the United States results from weapons system testing and/or troop training activities conducted by the Department of Defense (DoD). Property containing UXO includes active military sites and land transferring or transferred to private use, such as Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) and Base Realignment And Closure (BRAC) sites. DoD's responsibilities include providing UXO site clean-up project management, assuring compliance with federal, state and local laws and environmental regulations, assumption of liability, and appropriate interactions with the public. DoD has no specific UXO remediation policy, goals or program. Current UXO site remediation efforts are based on decades-old technology and use several procedures that are inefficient, labor-intensive and costly. UXO site remediation in the United States currently is being funded at about $125M per year, excluding special clean-up programs (such as the on-going clean-up at Kaho'olawe, which has funding projected to total about $400M).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A345 904

Funk, David E. A Mine is a Terrible Thing to Waste: The Operational Implications of Banning Anti-Personnel Landmines. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, May 1998, 58p.
ABSTRACT: Approximately 25,000 people each year fall victim to the estimated 110 million anti-personnel landmines (APL) scattered throughout the world. Most of the victims are non-combatants in third-world and developing nations. Because most APL are cheap to procure, long-lasting once employed, and totally indiscriminate concerning their choice of victims, the world has begun to vilify these so-called slow motion weapon of mass destruction Thus in December of 1997 did 122 nations join with Canada in signing the provisions of the Ottawa Process -- an agreement that bans universally the use, sale, and transfer of all APL. Absent from the roll of signatories was the United States. The president was willing to end U.S. use of conventional APL, except in Korea, but was convinced by the Joint Chiefs of Staff that scatterable (self-destructing) APL were critical to the Army's countermobility doctrine and did not contribute to the humanitarian problem. Nonetheless, congress passed a unilateral law requiring a one-year moratorium on U.S. use of all APL, except along internationally recognized national borders (read Korean DMZ). This monograph examines whether or not the U.S. can fulfill its current warfighting contingencies without the use of APL. The monograph begins by describing the global nature of the APL problem and examining the events that led to the Ottawa treaty and the congressional "Use Moratorium." Ban activists (including many members of congress) have gone to great lengths to show that APL do not have -- in fact have never had -- significant military utility. Therefore, the next section of this paper consists of historical analyses of the past use of APL in the PACOM (Korea), and CENTCOM (Southwest Asia/Middle East) areas of responsibility (AORs) -- the two areas that represent present-day military contingencies.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A357 010

Gambiez, G. Should We Fear Mine Warfare. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 30 March 1989. 44p.
ABSTRACT: Mines are weapons. Thanks to the improvements allowed by electronics they become more and more efficient and cost effective. On land as well as at sea, they would be widely used at theater level by all belligerents in all types of conflicts. Unfortunately improvements in mine countermeasures are more difficult to realize and to use on the field. The nations of the free world should increase their efforts in the domain of those countermeasure systems, or they risk being the first victims of the increasing advances in mines and mine delivery systems. The problem is as difficult as urgent.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A209 180

Garland, M. W. KHAFJI: A Combat Simulation. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1991. 137p.
ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a high resolution, discrete event driven combat simulation. This model was developed to facilitate the analysis of tactical options available to a small unit (company/platoon) commander using artillery and multiple lanes in overcoming a minefield obstacle. KHAFJI is a high fidelity combat simulation written in SIMSCRIPT 11.5 with SIMGRAPHICS I. Employing user input parameters which define a minefield scenario, the model generates output which enables the user to compare various tactical options available to maneuver commander in crossing a minefield. By using menu driven input screens, the user has a choice of multiple crossing lanes, size of crossing force, distribution of forces upon crossing lanes, multiple mine belts, and use of indirect fires against the minefield. Using SIMGRAPHICS I software, KHAFJI displays the minefield and the unit as it crosses the minefield. KHAFJI depicts each mine, each member of the crossing unit, and each impacting artillery round. The graphics provided by KHAFJI allows the user to see the crossing as it unfolds, thereby, reinforcing user confidence in the resultant data. When running multiple replications, graphics can be turned off to speed processing. An example of the type of analysis that can be performed with KHAFJI is presented in Chapter IV.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A245 170

Gavel, D. T., et al. Impulse Radar Array for Detecting Land Mines. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, 3 April 1995. 12p. [Symposium on Autonomous Vehicles in Mine Countermeasures, Monterey, CA, 3-7 April 1995.]
ABSTRACT: The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has developed radar and imaging technologies with potential application in demining efforts. A patented wideband (impulse) radar that is very compact, very low cost, and very low power, has been demonstrated in test fields to be able to detect and image nonmetallic land mines buried in 2-10 cm of soil. The scheme takes advantage of the very short radar impulses and the ability to form a large synthetic aperture with many small individual units, to generate high resolution 2-D or 3-D tomographic images of the mine and surrounding ground. Radar range calculations predict that a vehicle-mounted or man-carried system is quite feasible using this technology. This paper presents the results of field tests using a prototype unit and describes practical mine detection system concepts. Predicted capabilities in terms of stand-off range and radiated power requirements are discussed.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-120550, CONF-95-041543
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE95-017847

George, Vivian and Thomas W. Altshuler. "Summary of the DARPA Background Clutter Data Collection Experiment." IN: The 1998 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems. Part 1 (of 2), Anchorage, AK, USA, 05/04-09/98.Piscataway, NJ: 1998, vol. 1, pp. 226-231,
ABSTRACT: Most technologies in use or proposed for use to detect landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) suffer from unacceptably high false-alarm rates, even at modest probabilities of detection. High false-alarm rates are a consequence of the inability to discriminate real UXO and landmines from man-made and naturally occurring clutter. Experimental data on expected signatures of UXO and landmines have been collected by various sensor developers and research agencies. However, an equivalent characterization of clutter returns has been lacking. As a result, background signatures have not been considered in sensor or algorithm design. The goal of the two-phase, DARPA-sponsored Background Clutter Data Collection Experiment is to begin to fill this void. The first phase, completed during the fall of 1996, consisted of high aerial density site surveys using the following sensor types: magnetometer, infrared, electromagnetic induction, and ground-penetrating radar. The second phase, which is currently underway, consists of analysis of the collected sensor data to include excavation of clutter objects. This paper describes the clutter data collection program and provides a cursory summary of the analysis done to date.

Goodnight, Curtis J. Design and Evaluation of Mine and UXO Detectors for Autonomous Mobile Robots. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996. 65p.
ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the development of a light weight metal detector to be used for the purpose of mine Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) detection. The detector was developed based upon a twin oscillator design, and the performance of this design was tested with respect to diameter of the sensing coil, operating frequency, and the number of turns of the sensing coil. The results of this study provide a field tunable, light weight, low power mine UXO detector with significant range. The ability to equip a robot with this device and send it into the field will prove to be an invaluable asset to ongoing mine sweeping operations.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A320 169

Graham, W. J. Focused Synthetic Microwave Array for Mine Detection and Imaging. Final report. 3 June-3 December 1991. Bensalem, PA: Graham Research, 3 December 1991. 85p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of a feasibility study of a proposed focused synthetic rectangular array for microwave detection and imaging of mines. The proposed techniques uses a bistatic antenna system with transmitter and receiver located at the angles of incidence and reflection, respectively of the radiation illuminating the ground. These angles are equal to the Brewster angle of the ground medium so that ground reflections are minimized for vertical polarization. The transmit antenna has a broad beam which illuminates the field of view on the ground. The receiver antenna is a horizontal line array, which forms a rectangular synthetic array by the forward motion of the system. The results of an analytical study are presented, and experimental results are described which give high resolution three-dimensional images of various types of buried anti-tank mines. A system design for a focused rectangular synthetic countermine array is also given. A design of an experimental system for Phase II and a test plan is described.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A245 850

Granuzzo, J. P. Performance Oriented Packaging (POP) Testing Packaging for Ground Emplaced Mines (i.e., M74, M75 and M79 Mines). Final report. DoD Performance Oriented Packaging of Hazardous Materials, Washington, DC, 24 March 1994. 6p.
ABSTRACT: This report contains the tests performed and test results on the Ground. Emplaced Mines (i.e., M74, M75 and M79 Mines) that are packed 40 mines per metal ammunition container IAW drawing number 9243805 for Performance Oriented Packaging Certification.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A277 849

Graves, Steven M. Internetworking: Airborne Mine Countermeasures C4I Information Systems. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996. 106p.
ABSTRACT: Airborne Mine Countermeasures (AMCM) Command Control Communication Computer and Intelligence (C4I) baseline currently consists of stand-alone tactical decision aids. Information such as aircraft position, equipment status, and abbreviated mine-like contact reports cannot be transferred in any form other than voice from/to the MH-53E helicopters while conducting Airborne Mine Countermeasures operations. There are currently no methods to transfer sonar video or single-frame imagery of mine-like objects between any Mine Warfare (MIW) units in a near-real-time manner. Delays lasting several hours are frequently encountered before the results of a 'rapid reconnaissance' airborne mine-hunting mission are made available to the rest of the fleet and/or MIW community. In order to improve command and control, the AMCM Mine Warfare community must integrate all of its C4I assets onto a tactical internet. This thesis presents a tactical internet for AMCM with an open, standards-based modular architecture. It is based on the TCP/IP network model using common protocols and interfaces. Command and control will significantly improve as this network will provide a methodology to transfer critical information between AMCM C41 assets and tactical networks world-wide.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A328 259

Gravitte, Dwight L. and Charles N. Johnson, Jr. Seasonal Moisture-Temperature Distributions in Mined Podzolic Soil. Research report, August 1962-June 1963. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, June 1965. 68p.
ABSTRACT: This investigation is part of a continuing study of soil moisture-temperature properties and phenomena significant to the detection of buried mines and explosives. The report concludes: In a heavy clay podzolic soil in a midlatitude humid zone: (1) The moisture distribution in the soil around a mine differs from that in undisturbed soil. In the soil above the mine, there is normally a moisture deficiency, except during conditions of saturation. (2) During late spring, summer, and early fall, and when the moisture content approaches saturation, the temperatures in the soil above the mine and in undisturbed soil at the same depth are generally about the same, day or night. When the moisture content of the soil above the mine is lower than in undisturbed soil at the same depth, the temperature of the soil above the mine rises more rapidly during daylight hours than in undisturbed soils at the same depth, reaching a higher peak temperature than undisturbed soil in the early afternoon. During night hours, the soil above the mine cools more rapidly and may drop to a lower temperature than will undisturbed soil at the same depth. (3) When the soil moisture content approaches saturation during late fall, winter, and early spring conditions, the temperatures are about the same or lower in the soil above the mine relative to undisturbed soil at the same depth.
REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1809
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 466 168

Griffith, Douglas and Yuji Morita. MIDURA (Minefield Detection Using Reconnaissance Assets) 1982-1983 Experimental Test Plan. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, April 1982. 72p.
ABSTRACT: This report is an experimental test plan, designed for use in exploring the utility of existing assets to detect the presence of both surface-laid and buried anti-tank mines and minefields and to aid in designing and specifying future minefield detection systems. Flights are to be made by the Oregon National Guard OV-1D's using the AN/AAS-24 infrared scanner and KA-76 camera for a period of a year over a minefield array at Camp Adair, Oregon. Other flights are to be made by the OV-1D's and Idaho Air National Guard RF-4's (AN/AAD-5 infrared scanner and the KS-87 camera) over selected areas representing other environments such as snow conditions and semi-arid and agricultural lands. Flight schedules are arranged to match a matrix of parameter levels, parameters such as time of day, flight altitudes, mine type, weather conditions, etc. Instrumentation required for measuring the several variables and for calibrating the sensors are specified. Data obtained in the tests are to be used for assessing image interpreter performance, for validating, revising and/or generating system models and for adding information to a minefield detection data base. A description of the image interpreter evaluation test to be conducted in given.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 410

Groot, J. S. and Y. H. Janssen. Remote Land Mine (Field) Detection: An Overview of Techniques. Physics and Electronics Laboratory RVO-TNO, The Hague (Netherlands), September 1994. 52p.
ABSTRACT: A near real time land mine (field) detection system is essential for military commanders to enable them to circumvent the mines, or to allocate/employ mine neutralization/breaching assist to clear a safe route through a minefield. Basic principles and strengths and weaknesses of such a system with visual, near infrared, midwave infrared, longwave infrared, microwave radiometric and radar sensors are presented. Recommendations for a vehicle mounted multi-sensor demonstrator system are given since the Genie expressed its interest in such a system, it is cheaper than an aircraft mounted system and because sensor fusion can be tested and applied relatively easy on such a system. Promising techniques for a vehicle mounted detection system are: (1) passive and active infrared imaging, (2) microwave radiometry, (3) passive and active visual and near infrared wavelength discrimination, (4) radar ground and vegetation penetration. Proposed steps in the development of a vehicle mounted mine detection demonstration system are a feasibility study, tower measurements and design, construction and testing of the demonstrator.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A288 635

Ground Penetrating Radar for Ordnance Contaminated Site Restoration. Indian Head, MD: Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Center, March 1995. 348p.
ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this document is to apply ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology to the problem of locating and identifying buried ordnance at military sites. The emphasis of the research applied GPR technology to an airborne system that will allow very large parcels of land to be processed. This contract represents one portion of an overall U.S Government program to clear former and present military ordnance ranges of all unexploded ordnance and other buried devices that pose a threat to the public.
ACCESSION NUMBER AD-A295 153

Guadagno, J., et al. Radiation Protection Safety Protocol for Industrial X-Ray Backscatter Radiography Experiments. Final report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, November 1990. 30p.
ABSTRACT: Scattered radiation has been used in medical and engineering applications to determine properties and form images or irradiated objects. Scattered radiation is ideally suited to the geometry of mine detection which depends upon differences between the number of photons scattered from mines and soil to produce an image as opposed to conventional radiography which uses the transmission of photons through an irradiated object to produce an image. Mine detection through backscatter radiation measures the amount of radiation that is backscattered from the ground to a NaI detector which is mounted next to the x-ray source. To generate sufficient backscatter radiation to image buried land mines, an industrial x-ray unit must be operated continuously at or above 150 k Vp for 2 to 3 hours. Operating an industrial x-ray unit at this level and duration for the purpose of mine detection requires a complete radiological review of both the exposure room and the x-ray unit itself. (JS)
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A229 740

Gupta, A. D. Structural Analysis of a Mine with Two Viscoelastic Explosive Fills. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Armament Research and Development Command, Ballistic Research Laboratory, February 1983. 25p. [This article is from ‘Transactions of the Conference of Army Mathematicians (28th) Held at Bethesda, Maryland on 28-30 June 1982,’ AD-A128 683.]
ABSTRACT: The structural response of a Soviet TM-46 land mine with two viscoelastic explosive fills subjected to an externally applied pressure wave has been analyzed with the ADINA finite element code. The main charge consists of 5.72 kg TNT while the booster charge in the fuze contains .04 kg Tetryl in the fuze well. The finite element model of the mine uses the axisymmetric two-dimensional mesh configuration with a rigid base support boundary condition. Both implicit and explicit time integration schemes have been used for this analysis.

Haas, Gary A., et al. An Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Mine Detection: Systems Integration Issues and Recommendations. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1997. 43p.
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Research Laboratory performed a series of pilot studies for the Countermine Division at the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate concerning how a mine detection sensor suite might be implemented on a teleoperated unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). The studies addressed five areas: mobility, human factors, radio communications, the use of infrared cameras for remote driving, and options for attaching the sensor array to the UGV. This report describes the proposed countermine system, the issues identified by the studies, and recommendations concerning how such a system might be implemented.
REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1256
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A324 035

Haas, Gary A., Phillip David, and Bailey T. Haug. Target Acquisition and Engagement from an Unmanned Ground Vehicle: The Robotics Test Bed of Demo 1. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1996. 69p.
ABSTRACT: The capability of robotic technology to perform dangerous military missions without exposing troops to hazard has been of significant interest to the U.S. Army. Much of this interest has focused on unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). Perceived benefits include force multiplication, reduction of military hazard, and operation in nuclear/biological/chemical environments. UGVs have been discussed for a number of missions, including antitank, mine neutralization, physical security, smoke generation, scout, sentry, forward observer, and others. This report describes and discusses one of the first military UGVs, the robotics test bed (RTB). The RTB is a teleoperated vehicle with on-board automatic target acquisition system and turret-mounted weapon surrogate. The perspective of this report is primarily on robotic target engagement, with other aspects of the program and equipment being covered as context. The history of the program provides context for system design. Major subsystems of the vehicle are described, with detailed description of the target acquisition and engagement subsystems. A description of the use of the system in a recent demonstration of the capabilities of military robotics illustrates how such a system might be used in war fighting. Issues in robotic target engagement are discussed and further work is proposed.
REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1063
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 459

Haberman, J. R. Prediction of Target Casualties from Minefield Penetration Using Markov Processes. Technical publication. China Lake, CA: Naval Weapons Center, May 1971. 158p.
ABSTRACT: The theory of Markov processes, a branch of probability theory, is used in this publication for the prediction of target casualties resulting from minefield penetration by unfriendly forces. The mathematical models an computer programming in this report are valid for a wide range of applications. The computer programs in this publication calculate the probability density function for the number of targets surviving a breach attempt; also the mean number of surviving targets is calculated. For specialized applications these programs can be used to the greatest advantage by altering them slightly to yield the type of output needed.
REPORT NUMBER: NWC-TP-5121
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 886 548

Hanson, J. V., et al. Mine Detection in Dry Soils Using Radar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Topographic Engineering Center, 17 March 1992. 16p.
ABSTRACT: The detection of mines and subsurface ordnance continues to present a challenging problem for both the Army and U.S. Marine Corps. An initiative was launched by the Army's Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) to determine the feasibility of using penetrating radars to detect subsurface objects in very dry soils. A test site was selected at Twenty-nine Palms, CA, and soil samples were collected and analyzed. The soils were very dry, containing on average less than 2 percent moisture, and consist mainly of fine sand with some gravel. An analysis of soils collected in the Middle East showed they were sufficiently comparable for the demonstration. A minefield test site was constructed reflecting known doctrine and combat engineering practices. Metallic and nonmetallic mines were emplaced on the surface and at varying depths. Corner reflectors were placed around the test site, both on the surface as well as underground. Overflights were conducted utilizing X-, C- and L- band radars. ground-penetrating radar, arid regions, mines, minefields, synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A254 259

Hartmann, Gregory K. Mine Warfare History and Technology. Silver Springs, MD: Naval Surface Weapons, Center, White Oak Laboratory, July 1975. 43p.
ABSTRACT: The history of mine warfare is traced. Technological advances applied to mine development and use have demonstrated an increasing effectiveness at modest cost. The effficacy of mines, if fully exploited, should have an important deterrent effect on conventional wars.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A017 318

Healey, Anthony J., and William T. Webber. Sensors for the Detection of Land-Based Munitions. Technical report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 18 September 1995. 29p.
ABSTRACT: This report provides a summary of current land based munition detection sensor development. Sensors are categorized based upon the principle of their operation: electromagnetic, conductive, mechanical, optical, acoustic, and chemical. Each category is subdivided into particular operational sensor types. Theory of operation for each particular sensor type is provided, as well as a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each. A discussion of sensor performance is included. The final section of the report is a survey of commercially available munition detection sensors along with comments concerning their performance.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A300 930

Heberlein, David C. Hardening of Countermine Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, June 1978. 15p.
ABSTRACT: Mines have long been recognized and used as effective barriers to retard or restrict the advance of enemy forces. Mines contain a sensor for target acquisition and an explosive kill mechanism that is directed towards a vulnerable area of an acceptable target. Mine explosive kill mechanisms include blast damage to armored vehicle tracks, wheels and suspension systems, shrapnel damage to personnel or non-armored vehicles, and shape charge damage to the 'belly' of armored vehicles. Mine terminal effects can be defeated through the use of high strength, light weight composite materials. Vehicle components and countermine structures can be made from composite materials that will retain their functionality after being exposed to blast loading or high velocity fragments. Although these components are damaged by the mine, the retention of functionality permits the completion of mission. It is in this sense that vehicles and countermine structures are hardened against mine blast and shrapnel damage.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A056 445

Held, M. Anti Tank Mines. Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm G.m.b.H., Munich (Germany, F.R.). Information und Dokumentati, 1984. 21p. [ International Seminar on Defence Technology, Rawalpindi (Pakistan), 28 November 1984. ]
ABSTRACT: According to the method of deployment and to the mechanism of performance types of anti-Tank mines are reviewed. There is given an overview about 3 generations of mines. According to the mode of action and to the principle of function the mines are classified. Examples of modern anti-tank mines and pictures are presented.
ACCESSION NUMBER: TIBB 86-80835

Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis. Washington, DC: Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs. September 1998. 206p.
ABSTRACT: Since the Department of State's last landmine report was issued in 1994, several developments have altered significantly the status of the global humanitarian crisis caused by antipersonnel (APL) landmines. This report is designed to take account of those developments and their impact on the problem, as well as to add new information to the baseline data and update the status of 12 of the most severely mine-affected countries. Much of the background data in the 1994 report remains valid and has not been repeated in this updated edition.
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB-99-101792

Huat, Lim C. Experimental Investigation of a High Resolution Sonar. Master’s thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1996. 91p.
ABSTRACT: This thesis investigated a laboratory synthetic aperture sonar designed to test the algorithms and techniques needed to detect, classify and identify minelike objects. Previous synthetic aperture sonar work at NPS achieved 5 cm range resolution and 1 cm azimuth resolution. This thesis developed a pulsed, frequency modulated, synthetic aperture sonar that achieved range and azimuth resolutions of about 1 cm. The processed images clearly reveal targets with a high degree of certainty. However, the ability to classify and identify mines and rocks is less certain because of speckle and glint effects. The high resolution algorithms improved the detection and overall image quality of targets, and achieved a signal to noise ratio of 35 dB. The 2:1 frequency spread of the FM chirp increased the signal to noise ratio by 20 dB compared to an unfocused synthetic aperture system. However, a significant finding is that resolution alone is not sufficient to classify and identify minelike targets in complex backgrounds. Resolution of this problem will require a different approach such as utilizing adaptive acoustic daylight to avoid the speckle and glint problems inherent with coherent illumination. To achieve a classification and identification capability, a completely different approach to acoustic illumination and signal processing is needed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 086

Hudler, Dennis W. and Kermit O. Taylor. Remote Controlled Vehicle Mounted Minefield Detector System. Final report. February-August 1982. Dallas, TX: Standard Mfg., Co., November 1982. 123p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and optimum design concept for a remotely controlled ground vehicle to locate mines and minefields. Evaluation was to be based on current technology, equipment and mission considerations, and threat assessment. The envisioned vehicle utilization indicated the need for a lightweight, highly maneuverable vehicle equipped with radio controls, television monitor, minefield marking device, and a very good detection system. These features are necessary to insure system survival, reliable operation, and provide standoff distance for operator safety. Addition of other equipment is also envisioned for use on special purpose missions, thereby increasing system utility and value. All these pieces of equipment exist and can be operated using a remote control system. Vehicle mobility, maintainability, and cost factors indicate that the optimum vehicle configuration be a 6-wheeled all terrain unit utilizing hydrostatic drive and skid steering. Vehicle will be powered by a diesel engine for maintenance, efficiency, and logistical interface with current Army units. These systems are also readily adapted to remote control applications.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A122 001

Humanitarian Demining Equipment Catalog. Taming the Demon ... Solving the Global Problem of Uncleared Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance. Interagency Working Group on Humanitarian Demining, 1997. 63p.
ABSTRACT: Since the mid 19th century, landmines have been an important and prolific weapon of war. Although a long-standing and accepted part of warfare between military forces, world events have evolved to an era where innocent civilians are now the primary victims of landmines. The proliferation of landmines throughout the world is the most significant cause of the high number of civilian casualties. They are a prominent weapon in these regions because they are so effective, yet so inexpensive and easy to make. Landmines are frightening residual weapons of war that retard resettlement and economic renewal. This menace denies access to roadways and other lines of communication, villages and urban areas, agricultural fields and other rural areas long after the declaration of peace. Their numbers and the devastation they exact are staggering. When published in early 1995, the Department of State report Hidden Killers, the Global Landmine Crisis estimated that some 85-110 million mines in 62 countries maim and kill approximately 26,000 people a year. The problem is most acute in underdeveloped nations already ravaged by conflict and lacking the resources and the infrastructure needed to deal with their landmine problems. The removal and destruction of all forms of dangerous battlefield debris, particularly land mines and other unexploded ordnance (UXO) are vital pre-requisites for a country to recover from the aftermath of a war.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A328 869