Iberall, A., S. Cardon and A. Schindler. Application of Cybernetics to Decision Making for Pattern Generation Displays. Report for 1 July-28 September 1973. Darby, PA: General Technical Services, Inc., September 1973. 45p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study was to learn what methodology cybernetics might have to offer mine detection. Namely, given a variety
of sensor inputs from the changing images of a mine field being scanned, how might one augment the character of a display
system in a cybernetic sense so as to enhance the capability of a man to detect mines. The report provides both a survey of
pertinent cybernetic literature and an outline of relevant cybernetic principles drawn from the contractor's expertise in
this field.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 767 318
Inselmann, Edmund H. The Generalized Zacks Model. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Combined Arms Combat Developments Activity, September 1977. 12p. See also AD-A026 218.
ABSTRACT: This paper generalizes the Zacks model for minefield crossings. Zacks computes in his model the probability of the Nth vehicle
crossing a minefield and also the distribution of the number of vehicles crossing the field. Zacks' computations are made
under the assumptions that all the vehicles are of the same type and only one kind of mine is present in the field. This paper
removes both these restrictions.
REPORT NUMBER: CACDA-TP-12-77
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A046 958
Isbell, Richard A. Evaluation of Remotely Operated Mine Detector. Army Concept Team in Vietnam. October 1969. 10p.
ABSTRACT: The Army Concept Team in Vietnam evaluated the Remotely Operated Mine Detector to determine the effectiveness, suitability
and, if appropriate, a basis of issue. The evaluation started on 12 May 1969 and continued through 21 July 1969. The four
Remotely Operated Mine Detectors were used on mine sweeping operations of main supply routes.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 861 954
Jacobs, P. A. A Model for the Defense of a Mine Field. Technical report. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1979. 18p.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents and analyzes a simple stochastic model for defense against an attacking force of tanks; the defense is
made up of a mine field and a single defending tank. The approach of the paper makes use of classical applied probability
notions and techniques and explicit algebraic solutions are derived that can easily yield numerical results and hence interpretable
insights into the value of various tactics.
REPORT NUMBER: NPS55-79-032
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A081 609
Jakosky, John J., Jr. and John J. Jakosky. Method and Means for Predicting Contents of Containers. Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy, March 1980. 8p.
ABSTRACT: A method for detecting and differentiating between containers of submerged junk and explosive-filled mines in demolition operations,
comprising the steps of subjecting an unknown submerged container under surveillance to a gamma radiation source, traversing
said submerged container with said source along a standard diagnostic path, detecting the changes in intensity of the radiation
penetrating the submerged container, and recording the variations of intensity of said radiation penetrating the submerged
container along said path to obtain a density signature of said submerged container.
REPORT NUMBER: PATENT 4,259,577
Janzon, B. International Workshop of Technical Experts on Ordnance Recovery and Disposal in the Framework of International Demining Operations. Held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 8-10, 1994. Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Stockholm (Sweden). Dept. of Weapons and Protection,
September 1994. 46p.
ABSTRACT: The Workshop was arranged by FOA, the National Defence Research Establishment of Sweden, as a result of discussions
with the United Nation's Under-Secretary General for Human Affairs, with the UN Coordinator for Demining Operations, and with
the Government of Sweden. The purpose of this workshop was to be a forum for the exchange of information, identification of
problems and possible means of solving them, and specification of principle requirements on new systems and methods, within
the general areas of mine and other ordnance detection, recovery and disposal, particularly in connection with demining operations.
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB95-222907
Jenkins, Thomas F., et al. Detection of Cyclohexanone in the Atmosphere Above Emplaced Antitank Mines. Special report. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, April 1974. 20p.
ABSTRACT: Atmospheric samples were taken at the soil surface above field-emplaced M-15 and M-19 antitank mines and military explosive
Composition-B. These samples were analyzed to determine if trace chemicals generated by the explosive material are detectable.
Cyclohexanone was positively identified and is attributable to the explosive. Calculations were made, based on the amount
of cyclohexanone found, to approximate its flux rate through the surface.
REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-SR-203
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 778 741
_______. Vapor Signatures from Military Explosives. Part 1. Vapor Transport from Buried Military-Grade TNT. Hanover, NH: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, December 1999, 46p.
ABSTRACT: Crystals of military-grade TNT were placed beneath 2.5 cm of soil in enclosed 40-mL amber vials and the accumulation
of signature vapors in the headspace above the soil was determined as a function of time. Three different soils-sand, silt,
and clay-were investigated at three different moisture contents: air dry, low moisture, and high moisture. Two replicates
of each combination of soil type and soil moisture were equilibrated at three temperatures (23, 4 and -12 deg C) over periods
ranging from 63 to 173 days. The headspace was sampled by a polyacrylate solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for periods
ranging from 5 to 20 minutes, and analytes were desorbed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron
capture detector. Mass detection limits using this method were below 1 pg (1 x 10(exp- 12) g) for the major signature chemicals
-- 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3- dinitrobenzene (1,3-DNB), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT). At the end of the experiment,
the top 5 mm of soil was carefully removed, extracted with acetonitrile, and the extracts were analyzed using RP-HPLC-UV according
to SW846 Method 8330. Both the qualitative and quantitative nature of the chemical signature above buried TNT is strongly
a function of temperature. At 23 and 4 deg C, 2,4-DNT was present at the highest concentration in the headspace vapor, 2,4,6-TNT
being only a minor component. At -12 deg C, the more volatile 1,3-DNB predomin ated. Vapors penetrate the soils in the order
sand > silt > clay, with vapor concentrations in the same order. Dry soils are very retentive of TNT vapors, while soil moisture
facilitates movement of vapors to the headspace. Soil-air partition coefficients, computed for these three soils at 23 and
4 deg C for 2,4,6-TNT, ranged from 1.6 x 10(exp 4) mL-air/g-soil for moist sand at 23 deg C to 3.0 x 10(exp 7) for moist clay
at 4 deg C. Partition coefficients for 2,4-DNT were about an order of magnitude lower.
REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-SR-99-21
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A373 402
Jessl, P. and W. Koeppel. Development of Environmental Support on Mine Detection Techniques. Special report. no. 1, June-July 1983. Battelle-Inst. e.V., Frankfurt am Main (Germany, F.R.), July 1983. 17p.
ABSTRACT: Terrain factor maps have been established for the following data: land-use (basic information); crop type; crop/vegetation
height; and crop/vegetation condition. A continuous flight line map at the scale 1:2.500 (600' flight height) plus single
overlays (M=1:500, 300' flight height) were prepared in detail. As the meteorological data and also interviews clearly indicate,
1982 had extremely dry summer conditions. Thus, all beef-raising crops (pastures, rape, etc.) and also truck crops yielded
quite good crops. It was sometimes difficult to identify characteristic differences between beef-raising crops and meadows/pastures
because of the extremely poor crop conditions of these areas (which resulted in untypical colours and textures).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A132 761
Jones, Jon N. United States Army Operations Under the Ottawa Convention: Mine Warfare without Antipersonnel Landmines. Master's thesis. Ft. Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, 04 June 1999 117p.
ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the impacts of the Ottawa Convention ban of antipersonnel landmines on U.S. Army operations.
The Unites States has not signed the convention, but the thesis explores the impacts should the U.S. decide to abide by this
international agreement The thesis looks at the history of landmine warfare, the provisions of the Ottawa Convention, the
specific functions of antipersonnel landmines, and the ability of other systems to replace antipersonnel landmines. Based
on the inability of other systems to completely replace antipersonnel landmines, this thesis draws on other studies to determine
the degree of vulnerability U.S. forces would find themselves in operations consistent with the Ottawa Convention.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A367 686
Johnson, Charles N. and Dwight L. Gravitte. Microwave Radiometric Studies in Relation to Mine Detection. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, November 1966. 89p.
ABSTRACT: Field investigations over clay-type soils of the Fort Belvoir area indicated that microwave radiometry is highly unsuitable
for mine detection for the following reasons: (1) Numerous strong and highly variable radiation signals from soils almost
completely mask mine detection signals even under the most favorable summer conditions. (During moist soil and thermally neutral
conditions which prevail during much of the spring, fall, and winter, detection performance can be expected to deteriorate
even more.) (2) Microwave radiation originates in upper 2 in. to 4 in. of soil of moderate moisture content (13 to 20 percent)
because of soil attenuation. When soil moisture approaches saturation conditions (30 to 40 percent), emitted radiation is
confined to surface. (3) Strong similarity exists between thermal responses of microwave radiometer and typical infrared detector
to mine signals. Infrared detector offers greater potential promise because of image-forming capability obtainable with high
inherent resolution of infrared compared to microwave frequencies.
REPORT NUMBER: AERDL-1875
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 646 730
Johnson, J. H., et al. Oxalate Ester Chemiluminescence, Improved Low Temperature Formulations. Final technical report. July 1983-September 1984. China Lake, CA: Naval Weapons Center.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the program was to develop and test new chemiluminescent formulations which were usable at lower
temperatures than the systems currently in use. The visibility requirements included a minimum visual range of 10 meters for
30 minutes at -25 degrees F or lower. The oxalate ester-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescent system was used. A series of new
formulations were developed which offer reduced temperature sensitivity in a variety of colors. The formulations were tested
at Ft. Greely, Alaska, where the program objectives were met and exceeded. (Mine clearance).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A157 899
Johnson, John V., et al. Project Ostrich, A Feasibility Study: Detecting Buried Mines in Dry Soils Using Synthetic Aperture Radar. Technical Report, September 1990-May 1993. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Topographic Engineering Center, September 1993. 108p.
ABSTRACT: Metallic and nonmetallic mines were utilized to construct a mine field in arid soil at Twenty-nine Palms, California
to assess the extent to which long-wavelength radar could be used to detect buried mines by remote sensing. Surface and subsurface
mines were placed in accordance with known enemy doctrine, and the site was imaged with X_J C_ and L-band radar from a Navy
P-3 aircraft. This report describes the construction and physical characteristics of the test sites, and presents and discusses
the results of imagery analysis.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A274 141
Johnston, J. M., et al. "Canine Detection Odor Signatures for Mine-Related Explosives." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 1, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 1), 1998, p. 490-501
ABSTRACT: Results are presented of research to determine the compounds dogs learn to use in recognizing explosives used in
land mines. This is accomplished by training dogs under behavioral laboratory conditions to respond differentially on separate
levers to (1) blank air, (2) a target odor such as an explosive, and (3) all other odors (nontarget odors). Vapor samples
are generated by a serial dilution vapor generator whose operation and output is characterized by GC/MS. Once dogs learn this
three-lever discrimination, testing sessions are conducted containing a number of probe trials in which vapor from constituent
compounds is presented. Which lever the dogs respond to on these probe trials indicates whether they can smell the compound
at all (blank lever) or whether it smells like the target odor (e.g., the explosive) or like something else. This method was
conducted using TNT and C-4. The data show the dogs' reactions to each of the constituent compounds tested for each explosive.
Analysis of these data reveals the canine detection odor signature for these explosives.
Kemp, Maryland D. Survey of Bioluminescence Research Pertinent to Explosives Detection. Technical report. June 1970-June 1975. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, November
1976. 66p.
ABSTRACT: Bioluminescence has been offered as a means of detection for mines. In this instance, luminous microbiological specimens when
exposed to explosives vapors characteristic of mines would change light levels, sometimes increasing light intensity and sometimes
decreasing light intensity. The amount of change related to the concentration of the vapors present. This report presents
a literature review of aspects of bioluminescence pertinent to explosives detection including the origins of the bioluminescent
property, its generation, growth, and the effects of environmental parameters such as temperature, pressure, pH, and previous
history. The structure of the bioluminescent species is discussed including the form contributory to the bioluminescent phenomenon;
spectroscopic and chemical observations are included. An appendix detailing MERADCOM's efforts in bioluminescent detection
is included which illustrates the sensitivity and specificity of the specific micro-organisms developed for TNT vapor detection.
The responses to various chemicals both like and unlike TNT and ways and means of increasing the sensitivity and specificity
were part of the MERADCOM efforts. The cost of the MERADCOM effort from 1970 to 1974 included.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A047 275
Kercel, SW., et al. "Investigation of Wavelet-Based Enhancements to Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Explosives Detectors." 14p.
IN: Annual International Symposium on Aerospace/Defense Sensing, Simulation and Controls (12th), Orlando, FL (United States), 13-19 April 1998, Prepared in collaboration with Quantum Magnetics Inc., San Diego, CA.
ABSTRACT: Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) is effective for the detection and identification of certain types of explosives
such as RDX, PETN and TNT. In explosive detection, the NQR response of certain N-14 nuclei present in the crystalline material
is probed. The N-14 nuclei possess a nuclear quadrupole moment which in the presence of an electric field gradient produces
an energy level splitting which may be excited by radio-frequency magnetic fields. Pulsing on the sample with a radio signal
of the appropriate frequency produces a transient NQR response which may then be detected. The authors are using multiresolution
methods to investigate the enhancement of operation of NQR explosives detectors used for land mine detection. For this application,
NQR processing time must be reduced to less than one second. False alarm responses due to acoustic and piezoelectric ringing
must be suppressed. Also, as TNT is the most prevalent explosive found in land mines, NQR detection of TNT must be made practical
despite unfavorable relaxation tunes. All three issues require improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, and all would benefit
from improved feature extraction. This paper reports some of the insights provided by multiresolution methods that can be
used to obtain these improvements. It includes results of multiresolution analysis of experimentally observed NQR signatures
for RDX responses and various false alarm signatures in the absence of explosive compounds.
REPORT NUMBER: ORNL/CP-96389, CONF-980412
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE98-004124
Kerner, D., et al. Anti-Personnel Landmine (APL) Detection Technology Survey and Assessment. Alexandria, VA: DynMeridian, March 1999. 130p.
ABSTRACT: A survey was made of technologies and systems available to detect anti-personnel landmines for the purpose of monitoring
or verifying a potential treaty-based landmine ban. A literature search revealed that numerous devices and supporting research
exist for the point-source detection of anti-personnel landmines (APL), but only a few systems were found to be under development
that address the more rapid detection of multiple APL and entire minefields over a wide area. Given the potential treaty verification
need to be able to detect and describe the boundaries of existing and new APL use, and a complementary technical requirement
in humanitarian demining, an assessment was made of those technologies that might be applicable to the wide-area detection
mission, followed by the identification and assessment of pertinent systems. This survey identified certain promising RDT&E
efforts, but none currently appear to provide a complete or near-term solution to the wide-area detection of landmines and
minefields. A combination of sensors through sensor fusion and data fusion may hold promise for minefield detection with a
higher degree of confidence An investigation was also made of other technical disciplines not normally associated with landmine
detection for the contribution they might make for the wide-area detection of landmines. None of the ten fields explored,
however, offered any unique or more effective approaches or solutions to the mission. The study concludes with observations
on the state of research and development in wide-area landmine detection and offers recommendations concerning the specification
of technical requirements and for potential future initiatives in this field.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A365 599
Khanna, S. M., et al. A New Remote-Sensing Method for Mine Detection using HPM Irradiation and IR Detection. Ottawa, Ontario: Defence Research Establishment, December 1999, 31p.
ABSTRACT: A remote-sensing method based on active high-power microwave (HPM) illumination and detection in the infrared (IR) region
is described for the detection of shallow buried landmines. This method is based on different interactions of the incident
HPM radiation with the mine and the surrounding soil which occur due to a difference in their complex dielectric constants.
This leads to the development of a thermal signature of the mine at the soil surface that can be detected in the infrared
region. The thermal signature which is observed initially in near real-time persists for several minutes following HPM illumination.
It is primarily made up of two components. The first component appears on the soil surface in near real-time due to the interference
of the incident HPM beam and the HPM beam reflected by the mine. A second signature is due to the absorption of microwave
energy by the mine. This signature appears at the soil surface alter a brief time-delay from the start of HPM illumination.
At any instant, the resultant thermal signature at the soil surface is the sum of the two time-dependent signatures. In this
report we provide both laboratory and field trial results obtained using this method to detect metallic and non- metallic
mine surrogates, dummy mines without explosives and live mines with explosives but without any fuse.
REPORT NUMBER: DREO-TR-1999-132
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A372 852
Kieft, L. J., and D. L. Bowman. Sensitivity Evaluation of M15 and Analog Mines. Final report. October 1989-June 1990. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, September 1990. 27p.
ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the explosive destruction or deactivation of land mines. Computer modeling was used extensively
to calculate and predict mine initiation. In order to facilitate comparisons between modeling predictions and experimental
data, mine analogs were made. These analogs were intended to represent actual mines in their sensitivity to initiation by
explosive countermeasures. In reality, the analog mines were found to be somewhat more sensitive than had been predicted by
computer modeling, and thus might not accurately represent the M15 mine. To determine the reasons for this discrepancy in
sensitivity, four analog mines and one M15 mine were sawed open and their contents analyzed. It was found that there are definite
physical differences between the analog mines and the M15 which could account for this sensitivity difference. The differences
are metal thickness, void structure, interfacial voids, and variations except void structure were in the direction of causing
an increase in sensitivity of the analog mines as compared with that of the M15 mine.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A226 489
Kimmitt, M.T. Rethinking FASCAM (Family of Scatterable Mines) Principles for the Use of Artillery Delivered Mines. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, 18 November 1988. 65p.
ABSTRACT: This monograph addresses existing shortcomings in the principles for employment of scatterable and remotely delivered
mines. Such mines, part of an overall revolution in the conduct of land mine warfare, are an integral component of the deep,
close and rear battlefields. Yet, the doctrine and principles of these mines has not kept pace with the advances in land mine
technology. One area in which this is abundantly clear is in the use of Field Artillery weapon systems to deliver scatterable
mines. While the Field Artillery has made great advances in the development and integration of such systems as precision guided
munitions and advanced artillery data technology, the RAAM (Remote Anti-Armor Mine) and ADAM (Area Denial Artillery Munition)
systems lack adequate doctrine and principles to fully exploit their potential on the battlefield. In schoolhouse exercises,
and FTX's worldwide, the lack of such doctrine is reflected in ad hoc, highly personal approaches to FASCAM (Family of Scatterable
Mines) employment. While the lack of any wartime testing of these systems precludes definitive doctrine on the subject, most
often these systems are employed without fully understanding their potential or shortcomings. The author argues for the development
of thorough and consistent doctrine for the use of artillery scatterable mines. As one component in a 'Triad' of delivery
systems, the artillery may be the most responsive and flexible leg of that triad, but it is also the most vulnerable.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A210 973
King, A. B. External Configuration of an Air Droppable Land Mine. El Segundo, CA: Douglas Aircraft, Co., January 1953.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 129 981
King, A. B. and L. E. Sattler. Wind Tunnel Tests on an Air Droppable Land Mine. El Segundo, CA: Douglas Aircraft, Co., January 1953.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 129 982
Klemencic, John V. United States Policy for Anti-Personnel Landmines. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army Warfare College, 12 January 1998. 39p.
ABSTRACT: Every month, landmines around the world kill 800 people. An estimated 100 million active anti-personnel mines, left
from past conflicts lie beneath the ground in at least 70 countries. The International Red Cross estimates that at the current
pace of demining, it will cost $33 billion to rid the world of mines, but only if no more are added. Anti-personnel landmines
(APL) are an indiscriminate weapon that kill or maim whoever triggers them; friend or foe, civilian or soldier. Over 90 nations
have signed the Ottawa Treaty banning all anti-personnel landmines. The U.S. refuses to sign the treaty based on the belief
that anti-personnel landmines, of all types, are militarily significant weapons. Recent computer simulations, historical examples
and comments by military professional suggest that anti-personnel landmines may not be as effective as the Department of Defense
believes.
ACCESSION NUMBER-A345: AD 447
Kolasinski, Eugenia M. The Psychological Effects of Anti-Personnel Landmines: A Standard to which Alternatives can be Compared. West Point, NY: Military Academy, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, April 1999. 67p.
ABSTRACT: On September 17, 1997, President Clinton announced that, by the year 2003, the U.S. will no longer use anti-personnel
landmines (APLs) outside of Korea and, within Korea, the goal is to have APL alternatives ready by 2006. It is desired that
APL alternatives have the same psychological effects as APLs without the negative humanitarian aspects. However, in order
to replicate the psychological effects of APLs, those effects must first be identified. This study sought to provide input
regarding the effects of APLs on soldiers when they are used in military operations. A two- phased approach was employed.
The first phase consisted of a review of the open literature to determine what research had already addressed this issue and
what such research found. The second phase was an exploratory investigation into APL effects on individuals who had experience
with them, primarily in a non-training situation. This study makes four primary conclusions regarding the psychological effects
of APLs. Although not the focus of this study, the operational effects of APLs were also explored and there are five primary
conclusions regarding the operational effects. Overall, this study offers five primary conclusions related to the development
and evaluation of APL alternatives. Areas for future research are also suggested.
ACCESSION NUMER: AD-A371 531
Korjack, T. A. Two-Dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (FD-TD) Model of Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering From a Buried Rectangular Object. Final report. June 1993-June 1994. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, February 1995. 36p.
ABSTRACT: A two-dimensional transverse-magnetic (TM) electromagnetic (EM) scattering problem from buried dielectric objects
due to a Gaussian pulse is numerically solved using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FD-TD) method with absorbing boundary
conditions via Maxwell's equations. The scatterers are rectangular cross sections in a multilayer media; the Gaussian pulse
is reflected into a lossy earth by a finite, 450 plate that is part of the detector that receives the EM signal. Spatial distributions
of electric field components are calculated over time for single and multiple land scatterers (mines). The scattered fields
gradually diminish with time and are then eventually dissipated. Carpet plots are illustrated to depict the spatial distributions
of the scattered field component at comparative time steps for one, two, and three distinct scatterers or land mines within
the lossy media. Results clearly illustrate the typical wave patterns expected under the simulated conditions as presented
in this report - i.e., conductivity (s) for the air is 0, conductivity for the earth is 0.01, conductivity for the grass is
0.005, and conductivity for the mines are 0, 0.02, and 0.008; permeability values ranged from 1 for air, 9 for earth, 5.5
for grass, and 2.3, 5.6, and 23.0 for the mines, respectively. Numerical analysis indicates that the difference of scattered
signals between single and multiple scatterers are considerably obvious from the point of view of both time domain and frequency
domain. (AN).
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A293 685
Kovel, Steven and John Brand. Research Support for the Depth and Simultaneous Attack Battle Laboratory. Final report. January-December 1994. Adelphi, MD: Army Research Laboratory, January 1995. 68p.
ABSTRACT: We performed an assessment of the 6.1/6.2 sensor technology programs that support four of the operational capability
requirements (OCRs) related to real-time targeting, formulated by the Depth and Simultaneous Attack Battle Lab. The assessment
focused on (1) how the research programs support the OCRs and (2) which research programs are required to support each OCR.
Four programs were found to have the greatest potential for supporting the OCRs: Automatic Target Detection-Recognition- Identification,
Radar Sensor and Signature Research, Smart Mines Sensor System, and Ultra-Wideband Foliage-Penetrating Synthetic Aperture
Radar. These programs were selected based on the information generated by these sensor technologies. In addition, we identified
the need for realistic war game simulations that incorporate these sensor program concepts, in order to quantitatively evaluate
the concepts. In assessing the support required by the OCRs, we found that automatic target recognition was least mature link,
and we recommend that the greatest effort be in developing this technology. Finally, we found that the battlefield damage
assessment OCR requires a clearer definition before a technology assessment can be performed.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A289 874
Lastnik, Abraham L. A History of the Development of an Armor Ensemble for Mine Clearance Personnel. Technical report. Army Natick Laboratories, MA: Clothing and Personal Life Laboratory, October 1970. 40p.
ABSTRACT: Mine clearance teams have always tried to adapt available armor clothing to their operations with varying degrees of success.
The report is concerned with the history of the development of a full body coverage armor for mine clearance personnel to
satisfy military requirements. Discussions are concerned with the hazards of mine clearance vulnerable body areas, operational
concepts, design, protective characteristics and fabrication of the ensemble, and its evaluation. A summary of recent armor
material developments and typical applications is included. These materials may be applied to any future concepts for full
body armor.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 729 353
Lawson, A. and Yuji Morita. A Characterization of West German Terrain and Land Use in Connection with Minefield Detection. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Radar and Optics Division, August 1980. 49p.
ABSTRACT: This report is intended to provide an overview of terrain and land use features in West Germany with the intent of generally
delineating and characterizing in a gross sense areas which logically could be used for the emplacement of anti-vehicular
minefields. The primary invasion routes from the east, the Northern German Plain, the Fulda Gap and the Hof-Nurnberg Corridor,
are described and typical tank-trafficable areas suitable for minefield employment are selected. These typical areas are analyzed
in terms of land use, vegetation, and surface geometry. This analysis is particularly oriented to the development of parameters
useful in determining the detectability of minefields by remote sensor systems.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A092 681
Lee, KyuSang. Biomechanical Response of the Human Body Inside a Military Vehicle Exposed to Mine Explosion. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998. 57p.
ABSTRACT: Biomechanical response of the human body inside a military vehicle exposed to AP mine explosion was studied using
the finite element method. The main focus was placed on evaluation of the injury potential of the human body, particularly
the brain, neck (cervical spine), and legs. Injury criteria used to evaluate the injury potential were HIC, IARV's, and some
others. The military vehicle used in this research was M 1097A2, the basic model of HUMVEE. In addition to the evaluation
of the injury potential, some design modifications to the present vehicle were considered in order to reduce the injury potential
to the crew of the vehicle.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A359 627
Lehowicz, L. G., et al. Analysis of Scatterable Mine Doctrine. Study project. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, 2 June 1983. 73p.
ABSTRACT: This study summarizes the capabilities, strengths, and limitations of scatterable mine systems; analyzes the doctrine
concerning scatterable mine battlefield employment, command, and control; establishes some proposed guidelines for the employment
of scatterable mines in support of a main battle area defense against a Soviet/Warsaw Pact attack into Western Europe; and
provides some broad conclusions on the integration of scatterable mines onto the modern battlefield. Scatterable mines offer
the Army and Air Force a powerful means to counter the battlefield mobility of any potential armored or mechanized enemy.
However, the maneuver doctrine described in the Airland Battle concept reinforces the requirement to preserve the full freedom
of movement for friendly forces. A balance must be struck between these two competing demands. That balance can be attained
by viewing scatterable mines as several distinct munitions, which are emplaced by different delivery systems and have unique
strengths and weakness.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A131 659
Lester, Craig. Protection of Light Skinned Vehicles Against Landmines - A Review. Canberra, Australia: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, June 1997. 33p.
ABSTRACT: The Australian Army currently fields Landrover vehicles, Unimog troop transports and Mack trucks that do not include any form
of armour protection, known generically as Class B' vehicles. This document is a review and summary of the state-of-the-art
in protection of this family of vehicles against the threat from landmines. The approach taken has been to focus on the experience
of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa, primarily during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1972-80. This has the advantages of
extensive combat data, it is from a scenario similar to that which the Australian Army could experience during short warning
conflict or UN missions, and vehicles common with the Australian fleet (Landrover, Unimog) were employed. Limited data is
drawn from other sources where appropriate. depending on the degree of protection pursued. Body modification whereby a mine
resistant hull is added to the chassis of existing vehicles. Though the cost of this measure is moderate for the level of
protection attainable, some investment and plaruting would be necessary prior to field deployment. Monocoque construction
in which a chassis-less mine resistant body is used to maximise blast dissipation and deflection - high to very high level
protection is attainable. High volume production runs are necessary to offset manufacturing equipment costs if the monocoque
is based on composite materials.
REPORT NUMBER: DSTO-TR-0310
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A329 952
Lindsey, G. R. Battlefield of the 1990s. Memorandum report. Ottawa (Ontario): Operational Research and Analysis Establishment, December 1982. 19p.
ABSTRACT: While the new weapons likely to appear on the battlefields of the 1990s will add formidable capabilities, some will
be offset by direct countermeasures and others by the effects of properly integrated combined arms tactics. There will be
important improvements to ground-based air defence weapons, to air-to-ground weapons, to anti-tank guided missiles, to land
mines, and to anti-personnel weapons. Dominant features of the 1990s will be electronic warfare, fast movement, and the rapid
expenditure of ammunition.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A126 587
Lockwood, G., et al. Mine Detection Using Backscattered X-Ray Imaging of Antitank and Antipersonnel Mines. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories. 1997. 11p.
ABSTRACT: The use of backscattered X rays to image buried land mines and distinguish between surface and buried features has
been well documented. Laboratory imaging experiments, being conducted at Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico (SNL/NM),
have been used to develop preliminary data acquisition hardware and software for an upcoming Advanced Technology Demonstration
(ATD). In addition image processing techniques, developed by the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Florida
(UF), are utilized. Previous buried land mine imaging studies focused on antitank mines buried in screened sand and have included
well defined surface features such as a broad or a small diameter rock. In the present study the authors have examined imaging
under a variety of practical environmental conditions. They have successfully imaged antitank mines (ATM) buried in sand and
rocky New Mexico (NM) soil. Images have been obtained for bare surfaces as well s for surfaces covered with limestone road
coarse base (gravel), snow, water, and native grass. In addition, they have imaged buried ATM and surface antipersonnel (AP)
mines covered with debris consisting of various size rocks, a log, and leaves such that no mine was visible to the eye.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-97-0703C, CONF-970465-5
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE97-004023
Llopis, J.L., et al. Site Characterization Investigations in Support of UXO Technology Demonstrations, Jefferson Proving Ground, Indiana. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Geotechnical Laboratory, September 1998. 323p.
ABSTRACT: Geological, geophysical, environmental, and geotechnical investigations were performed to characterize three unexploded
ordnance (UXO) test sites at Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), Indiana. The purpose of the characterization is to support: (I)
Phase IV demonstrator planning and results assessment; (2) Additional assessments of Phase I-III; (3) Future use of JPG sites;
and (4) Comparisons of the JPG sites with other UXO and landmine test and cleanup sites. Some observations made as a result
of the investigations are outlined below. Soil samples collected from the three sites are classified, according to the Unified
Classification System (USCS), chiefly as CH or CL and are generally characterized as clays, sandy clays, or silty clays. In
the USCS, soil particles passing the No.200 sieve are considered silt or clay. X-ray diffraction analysis indicate that these
soils contain little or no clay minerals and consist chiefly of very fine-grained (silt or clay-sized) silica particles. Relative
dielectric permitivitties values generally range between l0- 25 and were determined in the field and in the laboratory. Test
results also indicate that the soils highly attenuate the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The depth of investigation
for ground penetrating radar at the sites is limited to approximately 3.5 m.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A354 119
Lucey, Paul G., et al. "AHI - An Airborne Long Wave Infrared Hyperspectral Imager." IN: Airborne Reconnaissance XXII; Proceedings of the Conference, San Diego, CA, July 21, 22, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3431), 1998, p. 36-43
ABSTRACT: The AHI (Airborne Hyperspectral Imager) system was designed to detect the presence of buried land mines from the
air through detection of a LWIR observable associated with mine installation. The system is a helicopter-borne LWIR hyperspectral
imager with real time on-board radiometric calibration and mine detection. It collects hyperspectral imagery from 7.5 to 11.5
microns in either 256 or 32 spectral bands. At all wavelengths the AHI noise equivalent delta temperature is less than 0.1
K at 300 K, and the noise equivalent spectral radiance is less than 0.02 W/sq m sr micron.
Ludien, J. R. and C. A. Miller. A Study of Impact and Penetration of the Gator Mine in Earth Materials. Vicksburg, MS: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, March 1975. 71p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of a study of the penetration characteristics of an air-delivered, antitank/antivehicle
and antipersonnel mine (Gator mine system) as related to variations in mine impact velocity and attitude and changes in soil
strength conditions and vegetation. A theoretical study, a field study, and a mapping study were pursued to estimate worldwide
mine penetration performance. The theoretical results are presented in terms of relations of impact velocity (specific velocity
ranges) versus maximum depth of penetration and maximum deceleration for various terrain materials. The field study was conducted
using an air gun, and the results are presented in terms of relations of impact velocity, depth of penetration, impact angle,
impact attitude, and terrain material strength characteristics. In the mapping study the results of the theoretical and field
studies were used to estimate the probability of successful emplacement (i. e., in a position suitable for activation) of
the mines in any region of the world. The results obtained from the theoretical study show that, for the normal range of impact
velocity, penetration is excessive in clay and sandy clay soils, intermediate in sands, and acceptable in frozen ground and
rock. The results obtained from the field study showed that penetration was excessive in lean and fat clay soils when the
mine impact angle was 90 degrees. Penetration performance becomes more satisfactory as the impact angle decreases. The results
of the mapping study show that a large portion of the world has surface soils too soft to allow acceptable emplacement when
the impact angle is 90 degrees. Reducing this angle to 45 degrees will allow acceptable emplacement in many regions.
REPORT NUMBER: WES-MP-M-76-15
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-B012 007 [approved for public release]
Lunardini, Virgil. Mine/Countermine Problems During Winter Warfare. Final report. Hanover, NH: cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, September 1981. 53p.
ABSTRACT: The possibility of modern warfare being waged under cold weather conditions has raised questions about the effectiveness of
conventional and new mine systems during the winter. A workshop on mine/countermine winter warfare was held at the U.S. Army
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 21-23 October 1980, to define problems related to cold climates. The designer,
developer and user communities sent 22 representatives from 16 organizations outside of CRREL. Discussion papers were prepared
by four groups, covering emplacement of mines, mine performance, detection of mines, and neutralization of mines. The emphasis
was on the unique problems of the winter environment. It appears that the U.S. has the capability to conduct defensive warfare
during the summer but is not adequately prepared for mine/countermine winter warfare. Test and research programs are called
for to compensate for the prior lack of consideration of the winter environment, to adequately winterize new mine/countermine
systems, and to formulate appropriate doctrine for defensive winter warfare.
REPORT NUMBER: CRREL-SR-81-20
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A107 047
Lute, A. and N. Scors. Demilitarization Plan for Non Self-Destruct and Self-Destruct Antipersonnel Land Mines. Dover, NJ: Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center, August 1998. 47p.
ABSTRACT: The United States goal is to have all non self-destruct land mines demilitarized by 31 December 1999. To support
this goal, this report provides recommendations for demilitarizing these mines as well as self-destructing land mines. Although
the use of open buminglopen detonation (OBIOD) is the primary method for destroying obsolete munitions because of its simplicity
and low cost, increasing environmental regulations are expected to severely limit, if not eliminate the use of OBIOD in the
near future. For this reason, OBIOD was not considered in this plan as a demilitarization method. The demilitarization methods
and technologies that are addressed in this plan have either been developed by the Armament Systems Process Division of the
U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center under the direction of the U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center,
or are based on existing methods used for other items. All methods that are presented in this plan allow for the recovery
of materials, with the degree of recovery tied to the activities and economics of the demilitarization method.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A353809
Maes, Reed. Test Array Number 1 for Mine Detection Experiments. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, January 1980. 89p.
ABSTRACT: To provide for the conduct of remote mine detection tests, a test array was established on a twenty-acre site in Washtenaw
County, MI approximately one mile west of Ann Arbor Airport. The topography, soil, and vegetation of the site is representative
of the North German Plain. The total area, roughly 200 m by 400 m, was divided into 16 rectangular areas or elements, each
50 m by 100 m in size. Each of the elements was used for installation of dummy mines, either surface or buried, in specific
configurations, for the location of various ancillary military items, as an undisturbed control area, or for the location
of special instrumentation or calibration units. Configurations of each element are documented, and data are presented on
test site vegetation, soil conditions, and soil moisture content, also on meteorological conditions during periods when overflights
were made for mine detection tests of various sensors.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A086 142
Magg, M. and J. Nitsch. "Mine Detection with Microwaves." IN: Advanced Pattern Recognition Techniques. 1998. 12p.
ABSTRACT: Location and identification of buried landmines is a real challenge for sensor technology and target identification
algorithms. We analyze the performance of a bistatic microwave imaging system with a focused synthetic aperture. If the soil
is homogeneous and dry with a very smooth surface it will be possible to identify even plastic mines under a 10 cm overburden.
However, under a rough surface or in wet soil even a relatively big metallic anti-tank mine could be missed, since the signal
to clutter ratio gets quite poor under these circumstances.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N99-11033
Magner, George J. Detection and Avoidance of Mines and Boobytraps in South Vietnam. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Organization, June 1968. 87p.
ABSTRACT: None available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A951 572
Mahoney, Daniel P., III. Goalie Without a Mask? The Effect of the Anti-Personnel Land Mine Ban on US Army Countermobility Operations. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, School of Advanced Military Studies, December 1996. 57p.
ABSTRACT: This monograph examines whether the United States’ unilateral ban on conventional anti-personnel mines will significantly
impair the effectiveness of US Army countermobility operation. Land mines and mine warfare play critical roles in US countermobility
doctrine, and the loss of one entire category of mines could constrain the Army's ability to successfully perform countermobility
missions. The prospect of such failure is alarming since successful mine warfare has often been the difference between life
and death for hard pressed defenders. This monograph attempts to anticipate both the nature and severity of such consequences.
The monograph begins by exploring the origins and nature of the anti-personnel mine ban. It does this by tracing the history
of mines and mine warfare, and the global problems that this history has created. Next, the paper covers the current US inventory
of anti-personnel mines to determine which mines (and capabilities) the ban eliminates. The monograph then examines the tasks
that land mines serve under countermobility doctrine. This section is particularly important since it introduces the concepts
that the paper later uses in the analysis. The monograph completes its fact gathering focus with a treatment of the countermine
measures available to modem armies. Once the background knowledge set is complete, the monograph turns to analyzing the ban’s
effects. The monograph's analysis portion begins with a brief discussion of the Second Battle of El Alamein. The monograph
uses this action as its historical laboratory because land mines played a central role in the battle, but very few of the
mines (only three percent) were of the anti-personnel variety. For this (and other) reasons therefore, Alamein approximates
battle under the ban.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A324 323
Maxey, Jeffery L., et al. Investigations of the Human Factors Involved in Mine Detection in Varying Operational Environments. Technical report. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Organization, August 1974. 102p.
ABSTRACT: The report summarizes findings from the four research tasks comprising Project IDENTIFY for FY 74. During FY 73 research into
the identification of the individual differences involved in mine detection produced a body of human factors data relevant
to the mine detection problem. A major purpose of the FY 74 research was to continue gathering and analyzing human factors
data in the area of unaided mine detection. This research was designed not only to gather additional human factors data for
an unpopulated field environment, but also to gather it for a built-up area environment. In addition, it was designed to identify
the human factors involved in vehicular operations, both along an established road and in a cross-country setting.
REPORT NUMBER: HumRRO-TR-74-18
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 784 201
Maxey, Jeffery L. and George J. Magner. A Study of Factors Affecting Mine and Boobytrap Detection: Subject Variables and Operational Considerations. Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization, June 1973. 54p.
ABSTRACT: Antipersonnel weapons, Military tactics, Detection, Performance (Human), Military training, Dogs, Methodology Tests were administered
to and interviews conducted with military personnel identified as expert mine and boobytrap detectors, in exploratory research
designed to develop methodology for identifying the characteristics of and describing the techniques used by such personnel.
Only two of the psychological, ability, aptitude, and interest variables studied were significantly related to rated expertise
in detection, so these variables may not play an important role in detection performance. None of the background information
variables had any apparent relationship to expertise. Identifying highly proficient detectors on the basis of non-experiential
variables is not likely to be successful, but it may be possible to identify these individuals on the basis of experience-oriented
data.
REPORT NUMBER: HumRRO-TR-73-12
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 769 635
May, James G. New Technology Required to Implement U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy. Carlisle Barracks, PA: Army War College, March 1998. 36p.
ABSTRACT: Current U.S. APL policy seeks to accomplish three major objectives. First, it seeks to ensure that American military
personnel will have the tools they need to accomplish their global responsibilities. Second, it seeks to ensure that U.S.
APL do not cause unintended casualties. It also expands the U. S. role in reducing casualties by non-U.S. landmines. Third,
it seeks a responsible treaty to ban APL without unduly compromising military concerns. The objective of this paper is to
demonstrate how the development and application of improved mine, countermine, and demining technology could facilitate, significantly
in some cases, the three major APL policy objectives of the United States.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A342 303
Mays, E. J and F. A. Reid. Shepherd Rotary Vehicle: Multivariate Motion Control and Planning. Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 1997. 305p.
ABSTRACT: Millions of acres of the U.S. formerly used defense sites (FUDS) are contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO)
as a result of past military use. This thesis shows that through robotics technology (e.g., Shepherd rotary vehicle with three
degrees of freedom) and the use of advanced computer technology it is possible to make clearing tasks safer, more cost effective,
and more efficient. An over arching hardware and software architecture was developed for Shepherd (including a self-contained
on board computer system). The software system was developed for timer control, motion control, user interface, and an operating
kernel. The hardware and software organization, structure, and interaction provide the framework for real-time control. This
research included the use of encoders, digital boards, and a counter board; required the handling of interrupts, electric
motor manipulation by servomotor controllers, and communication using RS232 and VMEbus technology. The kinematics algorithms
and a real-time operating kernel were implemented using the C language.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A340 478
McClure, M., P. Bharadwaj and L. Carin. "Multiresolution Signature-Based SAR Target Detection." IN: Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery V; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, April 14-17, 1998, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
(SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3370), 1998, p. 318-329.
ABSTRACT: A full-wave electromagnetic scattering model is utilized to effect a land-mine detector via a multiresolution template-matching-like
algorithm. Detection is performed on fully polarimetric ultrawideband (50-1200 MHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery.
Multiresolution template matching is effected via the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of the SAR imagery and the parametric
target signatures(templates). Detector results are presented in the form of receiver operating characteristics (ROCs).
McFee, John, et al. "A Multisensor, Vehicle-Mounted, Teleoperated Mine Detector With Data Fusion." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 1082-1093.
ABSTRACT: The Improved Landmine Detector Project (ILDP) was initiated in autumn 1994 to develop a prototype teleoperated vehicle
mounted mine detector for low metal content and nonmetallic mines to meet the Canadian requirements for rear area mine clearance
in combat situations and peacekeeping on roads and tracks. The ILDP system consists of a unique teleoperated vehicle carrying
a forward looking IR imager, a 3-m-wide down-looking highly sensitive EM induction detector and a 3-m-wide down-looking ground
probing radar, which all scan the ground in front of the vehicle. Scanning sensor information is combined using a suite of
navigation sensors and custom designed navigation, spatial correspondence, and data fusion algorithms. Suspect targets are
then confirmed by a thermal neutron analysis detector. A key element to the success of the system is the combination of sensor
information. This requires coordinated communication between the sensors and navigation system and well designed sensor co-registration,
spatial correspondence and data fusion methodologies. These complex tasks are discussed in detail. Results of system performance
during extensive field trials are presented.
McIntosh, A. C., Jr. MIL-STD-1660 Test of XM87 and XM8 Volcano Mine Pallet. Savanna, IL: Army Defense Ammunition Center and School, Evaluation Div., March 1987. 20p.
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Defense Ammunition Center and School (USADACS), Evaluation Division (SMCAC-DEV, has been tasked by
the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (SMCAR-AEP), Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, to design, fabricated,
and test a metal pallet for the PA113 Volcano Mine Cannister. This engineering report contains the results of the MIL-STD-1660
pallet testing sequence of the palletized PA113 Volcano Mine Cannister. As a result of these tests, recommendations to strengthen
the pallet and modify the PA113 bundling procedure evolved.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A207 182
Mei, K. K. Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Partially-Buried Metallic and Dielectric Objects. Final report. Berkeley, CA: California University, Berkeley, Electronics Research Laboratory, March 1984. 20p.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of computing electromagnetic wave scattering by objects
which are buried or partially buried in a lossy ground. The datas obtained through computer solutions of the related Maxwell's
Equations can be applied to detection of plastic land mines, tunnels and natural resources. The method used in this investigation
is based on the Unimoment method, a unique hybrid of analytical and numerical methods. The extension of the method to include
lossy ground half-space was made possible by the development of special eigenfunctions which include the continuity of the
air-ground interface. Results were obtained for scattering by buried body of revolution, buried body of revolution with arbitrary
orientation and two-body scattering.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A140 109
Mei, K. K., and T. M. Kvam. Numerical Parametric Study of Electromagnetic Wave Scattering by Buried Dielectric Land Mines. Final report. Berkeley, CA: Geo Electromagnetics, Inc., 1983. 95p.
ABSTRACT: The unimoment method is applied to solve the electromagnetic scattering by a buried dielectric finite cylinder simulating
a land mine. Computed results are reported at frequencies from 400 MHz to 1400 MHz at 100 MHz intervals. The dielectric constants
of the ground are considered to be dispersive which simulates soil with 5%, 10% and 20% water content. Results are computed
for the scattered electric and magnetic fields which are presented in terms of the cylindrical components of E and noH at
a distance of 1 in. to 4 in. above the ground at 1 in. intervals. The numerical results are computed along the positive x-axis
for each azimuthal mode. The fields at points on the positive x-axis may be obtained by summing the modal fields directly.
Fields at points other than the positive x-axis may be obtained by summing the modal fields multiplied by the proper azimuthal
function. Sample results are given in the report and the complete data are stored on magnetic tape. This report include documentation
for the tapes.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A124 980
Mei, K. K., W. C. Kuo and S. K. Chang. Scattering by Buried Obstacles. Final report. 20 April 1971-31 July 1974. Berkeley, CA: California University, Berkeley Electronics Research Laboratory,
November 1974. 119p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this investigation is to find theoretical solutions to scattering of electromagnetic fields by buried obstacles.
The first part of the investigation is primarily concerned with the source problem of the scattering phenomena. It enables
us to find the near fields of an antenna above a lossy ground and the near fields penetration into the ground, which are the
primary fields to be scattered by the obstacles. In order to study that problem the Sommerfeld's integrals are extensively
studied. The second part of the investigation involves some practical application of the results of the first part which have
direct bearing on the 'detectability' of buried obstacles. The third part of the investigation contains the preliminary work
of scattering by buried dielectric obstacles. Since the final objective of this research is the detection of buried dielectric
bodies, the technique of computing dielectric scattering is of primary importance. The application of the 'Uni-moment method'
to 2-dimensional scattering problems is presented.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A005 237
Messinger, Martin. Mixed Minefield Modeling. Dover, NJ: Picatinny Arsenal, 1973. 17p. [This article is from ‘Proceedings of the Annual U.S. Army Operations Research
Symposium (12th), 2-5 October 1973. Volume I,’ AD-A125 989.]
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this section is to present a model for analyzing the effectiveness of mine clearing plows mounted
in front of the tracks of a tank in a AM minefield. The plow's function is to sweep AM mines away from the path of the tank's
tracks thereby preventing a track - AM mine contact, thus increasing the tank's survivability. The minefield to be considered
consists of a mixture of AM munitions with three different types of fuzes; anti-handling (AH), pressure (PR), long impulse
(LI). AH munitions will almost certainly be detonated upon contact with the plow whereas PR and LI munitions will usually
be pushed aside without detonation. A major purpose of employing AH munitions in the minefield is to countermeasure plows.
Metz, C. D., et al. Recent Developments in Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicles. San Diego, CA: Naval Command Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, RDT&E Division, June 1993. 9p. [In Proceedings AUVS-92,
19th Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, 22 June 1992.]
ABSTRACT: Unmanned ground vehicles have long been envisioned in battlefield support roles involving reconnaissance, surveillance,
target acquisitions and NBC and mine detection. Appropriate utilization of robotic vehicles for these tasks can be an effective
force multiplier and an enhancement to soldier survivability. Over the past six years there has been substantial progress
in the development of prototype unmanned ground vehicles for use by the Army and the Marine Corps. This paper looks at several
versions of tactical unmanned ground vehicles and discusses technical issues with respect to remote platforms, mission modules
and control units.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A266 171
Mine Detectors. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, July 1971. 19p.
ABSTRACT: Methods and techniques are described for evaluating the performance and characteristics of mine detectors, and for determining
their suitability for service use by the U. S. Army.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 729 633
Minefield Clearance. Washington, DC: Reed Research, Inc., June 1953.
ABSTRACT: Discussions are presented of the following methods for emplacing charges for clearing mine fields: (1) propulsion from 10
guns or throwing devices: (2) propulsion from a single throwing device; (3) vertical emplacement of individual charges from
a projecting boom; (4) vertical emplacement from a reciprocating beam; (5) positive transverse spacing of charges; (6) charges
mechanically positioned and held during detonation; and (7) simulataneous detonation of a blanket of physically connected
charges. The evaluation of the methods is to include the consideration of accuracy and speed of emplacement, vulnerability
to mine explosion and enemy fire, reliability simplicity, and time required for reloading. (See also AD- 012 601)
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- 015 577
Mines and Demolitions. Final report. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, 29 April 1983. 24p. [Supersedes report dated
22 April 74, AD-A031 850.]
ABSTRACT: Provides tests for evaluating the performance characteristics of mines and demolitions. Describes safety evaluation,
supplementary environmental and shock tests, and tests for weathering, fuze functioning, mine/fuze compatibility, effectiveness,
bullet impact, blast sensitivity, sympathetic detonation, and parachute delivery. Discusses reliability, human factors and
maintenance evaluations. Describes equipment and technique for determining burst height of bounding mines. Tabulates mine
types and applications and physical characteristics of explosives. Not applicable to chemical mines.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A127 777
Mitchell, Daniel S. Selection of Dogs for Land Mine and Booby Trap Detection Training. Volume I. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 61p. [see also volume 2, AD-A031 981]
ABSTRACT: It is imperative that all dogs considered for enrollment in a land mine/booby trap detection training program be submitted
to a thorough screening process prior to acceptance. Only those animals which meet the criteria herein specified are selected
for formal training. Numerous physical and behavioral dimensions must be weighed during the course of selection, and, unfortunately,
many aspects of the decision-making process remain largely subjective in nature.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 980
_______. Training and Employment of Land Mine and Booby Trap Detector Dogs. Volume II. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 247p. [see also volume 3, AD-A031 982]
ABSTRACT: The present document is intended as a procedures manual and reference text to be used during the training of initially naive
canines for land mine and booby trap detection service. No directly related experience on the part of the handler/trainer
personnel is assumed. Each successive phase of training is treated in detail, and all specialized training aids and facilities
are described and/or illustrated. Commonly encountered training difficulties are discussed and appropriate solutions indicated.
Techniques of service deployment are described in the concluding chapter. Chapter II presents a discussion of those concepts
of operant and classical conditioning which are relevant to land mine and explosive booby trap detection training and has
been included to provide handler/trainer personnel with a basic knowledge of the underlying behavioral principles.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 981
_______. User's Guide: Land Mine and Booby Trap Detector Dogs. Volume III. Final technical report. San Antonio, TX: Southwest Research Institute, September 1976. 61p. [see also volume 1, AD-A031 980]
ABSTRACT: While the capabilities of land mine/booby trap canines have been well documented, several years of carefully-controlled studies
have shown that the successful utilization of such animals requires a knowledgeable, dedicated handler with proper training
and experience. This manual is intended as a field guide for use by personnel who meet these qualifications. Its purpose is
to provide a 'field-portable' summary of the important procedures and considerations involved in the deployment of land mine/booby
trap detector dogs.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A031 982
Mitchell, Robert, et al. "New Sensors and Sensor Fusion for a Ground-Based Land Mine Detection System." IN: Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Minelike Targets III; Proceedings of the Conference, Orlando, FL, April 13-17, 1998. Pt. 2, Bellingham, WA, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers (SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 3392, Pt. 2), 1998, p. 1094-1102.
ABSTRACT: The complexity of the detection and discrimination problem for land mines requires that multiple sensors and algorithms
be employed. We have been attempting to develop a range of new sensors and sensor combinations that will contribute to the
solution to this problem. The sensors discussed in this paper include heated waterjets combined with IR images, noncontact
acoustic focusing, and the detection of EM emissions from smart land mines.
Moler, Robert B. Nuclear and Atomic Methods of Mine Detection. Technical report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research Development and Engineering Center, 1 November 1991. 40p.
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes the results of a project to provide technical review and analysis, developmental assessments,
and studies of current and new technology applicable to the detection of landmines using nuclear and atomic techniques. Additionally,
technical support for new research initiatives was provided in the form of independent analytical studies that sought to verify
expectations and predictions for a range of techniques, including neutron capture, gamma ray induced reactions on nitrogen
(an important element in military explosives), neutron elastic and inelastic scatter, gamma ray nuclear resonance scattering
on nitrogen, x-ray backscatter imaging, dual energy x-ray Compton scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance. For relatively
mature technologies such as x-ray backscatter imaging, thermal neutron capture, and the reaction of nitrogen with 13.6 MeV
gamma-rays, plans for laboratory testing were reviewed and plans for field tests were developed. The project had its principal
focus on x-ray backscatter imaging, particularly the optimization of the technique, the development of appropriate x ray sources
capable of scanning a 3 meter wide search path, and the development of detectors and collimators capable of withstanding the
field environment. A unique type of x ray generator was proposed that could meet the scan rate requirements. It consisted
of a single 3 m long cylindrical anode with 150 grid controlled cathodes. The technical specification of this tube were developed.
A laboratory demonstration of the feasibility of this concept was carried out by an associate contractor.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A243 332
______. Workshop Report: Nuclear Techniques for Mine Detection Research, July 22-25, 1985, Lake Luzerne, New York. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Belvoir Research and Development Center, July 1985. 74p.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this workshop was to investigate the use of ionizing radiation techniques for detecting land mines
and, in particular, to identify technological advancements that would alter the assessment of the prior workshop held on March
1973. Although emphasis was placed on application of developed or emerging technology to the problem of the detection of buried
land mines, detection of concealed explosives in the context of security was also considered. Automatic detection of explosives
in luggage and hand-carried items received the greatest attention. Lesser attention was given to detecting explosives concealed
within a building's structure. Three particular explosives detection scenarios were considered, and the requirements for each
were explicitly discussed by panel members. The first of these, the detection of buried, nonmetallic, anti-vehicular mines,
was the area of greatest concern and was given the greatest emphasis by the panel. The other two, detection of anti-personnel
mines and detection of explosives in luggage and packages, were considered in less detail.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A167 968
Morgan, M. A. Scattering of Radar Waves by Mine Fields. Final report. Berkeley, CA: Geo Electromagnetics, Inc., 1980. 65p.
ABSTRACT: Radar scattering by an array of surface land mines is studied. The array is considered to be a random perturbation
of a uniform array. The analytical evaluation of the expectation is performed for this problem under specified, but realistic,
assumptions. The analytic expression for the expectation contains coherent and incoherent array factors, each of which are
summations of terms that are weighted by the effect of the antenna pattern. By curve fitting the antenna gain pattern with
exponential functions in elevation and azimuth the resultant series are summable. The resultant expression for normalized
signal to clutter ratio displays the coherent contributions from the radar system parameters (such as, beamwidths, frequencies,
depression angle and pulse width) in conjunction with the randomness of mine placement and the clutter distribution.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A129 693
Morien, Steven B. The Operational Effects of Mine Warfare. Newport, RI: Naval War College, 5 February 1999 28p.
ABSTRACT: This paper demonstrates that naval mines are a threat to the operational commander and that there are actions he can take
to reduce the operational effects of mine warfare. The first section demonstrates that mine warfare is a pertinent problem
for the operational commander by examining three principle relationships. It examines the history of mine warfare from an
operational perspective, warfare in the context of operational art and mine warfare in the context of the U.S. Navy and U.S.
Marine Corps service visions. The second part of the paper explores the Mine Countermeasures (MCM) concept of operations,
the difficulties countering the mine problem with recommendations to minimize the operational effects and lastly, the future
of mine warfare in the context of "Joint Vision 2010" and beyond. This paper shows that the operational commander can minimize
the operational effects of mine warfare by preventing mining, maintaining surveillance, minimizing maneuver space requirements,
requesting MCM forces early in crisis, using creative schemes of maneuver and exploiting the miner's resource and environmental
limitations.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A363 227
Morita, Allen M. Land Mine Detection System. Final report. 1 April 1972-15 February 1973. Redondo Beach, CA: TRW Systems Group, February 1973. 82p.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this contract was to determine the feasibility of using acoustic waves for the detection of metallic and
nonmetallic land mines. It was found that a 3 KHz pulse burst could detect all of the simulated mines at burial depths exceeding
12 inches. The mine reflected signals exhibited a signature significantly different from those obtained with no mine present
and with small soil inhomogeneities present. Rock reflected signals generally exhibited irregular axes of reflection. Mine
reflected acoustic signals can be detected and imaged from both nonmetallic and metallic mines at the burial depths most likely
occurring in a field situation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD- A908 713
Morita, Y., et al. Identification and Screening of Remote Mine Detection Techniques. Technical report. Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, June 1979. 103p.
ABSTRACT: This report documents the technical effort and results achieved for the task of identification and screening of promising
remote sensing systems and other method
