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Directed Energy Weapons: A Bibliography
Although there are a number of very relevant reports issued with distribution limitations (e.g. FOUO or DOD only) due to the
public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution references only. Abstracts were
taken from various databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which
the citations were generated not by the author of this bibliography.
Tanzman, E.A. "Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction Through the Rule of Law." Argonne National Laboratory, IL. 8 August
1995. 8p. 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association, Chicago, IL, 8 August 1995.
Abstract:Many who speak of the end of the Cold War emphasize the improvement in international relations when they speak of the momentous
consequences of this event. According to this image, the half century since Trinity has been a period of sparse international
communication during which the Eastern and Western blocs hibernated in their isolated dens of security alliances. The emphasis
in the phrase "Cold War" was on the word "cold," and relations with the former Communist regimes are now "warm" by comparison.
It is equally valid to consider what has happened to the word ''was' in this highly descriptive phrase. While meaningful international
dialogue was in a state of relative lethargy during much of the last fifty years, the military establishments of the Great
Powers were actively engaged in using as much force as possible in their efforts to control world affairs, short of triggering
a nuclear holocaust. Out of these military postures a tense peace ironically emerged, but the terms by which decisions were
made about controlling weapons of mass destruction (i.e., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons) were the terms of war.
The thesis of this paper is that the end of the Cold War marks a shift away from reliance on military might toward an international
commitment to controlling weapons, of mass destruction through the ''rule of law.'' Rawls wrote that ''legal system is a coercive
order of public rules addressed to rational persons for the purpose of regulating their conduct and providing the framework
for social cooperation. The regular and impartial administration of public rules, becomes the rule of law when applied to
the legal system. "In particular, Rawls identifies as part of this system of public rules those laws that aim to prevent free
riders on the economic system and those that aim to correct such externalities as environmental pollution..." .
REPORT NUMBER: ANL-DIS/CP-87363, CONF-9508209-1
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-96-004292
Tavis, Michael T., Scott W. Levinson and Kathryn M. Parker. "Implications of Cloud Obscuration on Ground-Based Laser Systems
for Strategic Defense." El Segundo, CA: Aerospace Corp., 12 March 1990. 26p.
Abstract:The evolution and the current status of the Strategic Defense System Phase II ground-Based Laser (GBL) System Concept is reviewed
in this report. In particular, the impact of clouds on system configuration and site selection is discussed. By using current
models of correlated probabilities of cloud-free line of sight and cloud-free arc (CFLOS4D and CFARC) for several ground stations
with cloud realizations provided by the Boehm Saw Tooth generator, we have determined the number of ground sites required
to achieve various levels of desired system weather availability. We briefly describe potential improvements in the models
and discuss the necessity for using the Whole Sky Imager results now being generated to validate these models with empirical
data, thereby lending further credibility of GBL System Concepts.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A220 492
Thompson, J.R. et al. "Beam Handling and Emittance Control." Technical Report. 1 September 1986 ? 28 February 1988. Austin
TX: Austin Research Associates, 15 July 1988. 65p.
Abstract:This report reviews the results of calculations which concern techniques of beam handling and emittance control for high current
beams in advanced accelerators. Beam quality requirements for acceptable performance of beam driven free electron laser devices
for SDI missions are examined. The beam quality achievable in high current, space-charge-limited diodes is reviewed and found
to be potentially high. Emittance growth during gas-focused transport due to streaming instabilities between beam electrons
and gas ions is briefly examined, and estimated to be modest. The principal threat to beam quality degradation is estimated
to occur during the lengthy process of acceleration and transport past protuberances, constrictions, or discontinuities in
the waveguide wall, or during beam aperturing. A Hamiltonian-theoretic analysis of emittance growth during high current electron
beam transport, coupled with an envelop equation analysis of the induced transverse beam oscillations, is applied to develop
scaling laws for the emittance growth suffered during such events as beam acceleration, propagation past irises or constrictions
in the waveguide wall, beam aperturing and axial variation on the magnetic guide field strength. Criteria area developed for
preventing excessive emittance growth by avoiding abrupt axial variations and providing sufficiently strong focusing forces.
Designed variations in the waveguide wall shape and in the strength of the magnetic guide field may be introduced to greatly
reduce emittance growth during such events as beam acceleration.
REPORT NUMBER: I-ARA-88-U-24
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A196 789
Ting, A et al. "Extreme Broadening of Stimulated Raman Scattered Light From High Intensity Laser Plasma Interactions." Interim
Report. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, 2 May 1995. 15p.
Abstract:High intensity picosecond laser plasma interaction experiments were performed to examine nonlinear scattering mechanisms in
field ionized underdense plasmas. Broad and oscillatory spectra were observed for the forward scattered light. The Raman backscattered
spectrum showed an extremely broad, supercontinuum like nature, extending from 450 nm to greater than 1200 nm at incident
laser intensities of 2 X 10 (exp 18) W/sq cm. Narrow and large amplitude modulations in the spectrum of the backscattered
radiation were measured and are attributed to scattering from ion waves.
REPORT NUMBER: NRL/MR/6790-95-7667
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A294 165
Tobin, M.T., M.S. Singh and W.R. Meier. "Laboratory Microfusion Facility - Neutronics and Radiological Safety Analysis." Livermore,
CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 30 September 1989. 7p. In: 13th International Symposium on Fusion Engineering,
Knoxville, TN, USA, 2-6 October 1989.
Abstract:The primary goal of the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) is to conduct some 1400 target experiments over a five-year
period to demonstrate high gain in the laboratory. Projected yields for these experiments range from < 10 MJ to 1000 MJ. High
gain experiments are expected to be conducted once per week. After high gain has been achieved, target yields above 100 MJ
will be used to conduct weapons physics and weapons effects experiments. In addition, experiments will be conducted to assess
the viability of inertial fusion of electric power production space propulsion and space power. This will extend the facility
lifetime to as much as 30 years. We have set two design goals that minimize effect of radiation hazards on the operation of
the facility. The first is that LMF workers will have access to the diagnostic platforms outside the target chamber within
24 hours after a high-yield shot. This is necessary for retrieving data and preparing for the next experiment. Although it
is plausible that routine interior chamber operations may be done remotely, workers may occasionally require access to the
inside of the chamber for special tasks. Therefore, the second design goal is that workers can safely enter the chamber for
a short time 7 days after a high-yield experiment. We have previously reported many aspects of radiological safety concerning
the LME. Here we report further work covering beam tube activation, final optics activation, neutron heating of a diagnostic,
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) generation, radiation shielding and tritium recovery/disposal issues.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-101148, CONF-8910078-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-002787
Todd, A.M.M. W.B. Colson, and G.R. Neil. "Megawatt-Class Free Electron Laser Concept for Shipboard Self-Defense." Princeton,
NJ: Northrop Grumman, 1997. In: Free-Electron Laser Challenges, San Jose, CA, 13-14 February 1997. Proceedings of the SPIE
- The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 2988, p. 176-184.
Abstract:An efficient MW-class free electron laser (FEL) directed energy weapon (DEW) system holds promise for satisfying shipboard
self-defense (SSD) requirements on future generations of Navy vessels because of the potential for high-power operation and
the accessibility to all IR wavelengths. In order to meet shipboard packaging and prime power constraints, the power efficiency
and high real-estate gradient achievable in a FEL driven by a superconducting RF accelerator is attractive. Configuration
options and the key development issues for such a system are described.
Tolk, Norman H. and Richard F. Haglund. "Surface Reactions in the Space Environment." Final report. 1 October 1986-30 September
1989. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Univ., Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, 3 May 1990. 26p.
Abstract:A central goal has been to establish a multidisciplinary Center of Excellence concentrating on the atomic-scale dynamics of
surface reactions in the space environment. The major research focus has been the investigation of the ways in which energy
deposited by incident atoms, ions, electrons and short wavelength photons is absorbed and localized to produce bond-making
and bond-breaking on surfaces and in the near-surface bulk. Knowledge of these microscopic mechanisms provides detailed clues
which lead to an understanding of the macroscopic processes which manifest themselves as surface erosion, modification and
damage. This research program bears directly on a broad spectrum of questions germane to the long-term operation of platforms
in space, including long-term structural, optical and electronic degradation of materials in the ambient near-earth environment,
survivability under and hardening against irradiation from directed-energy weapons, vulnerability in disturbed nuclear atmospheres,
and discrimination and sensing techniques based on characteristic radiation (glow) signatures. Significant, and in some cases,
startling progress has been made in carrying out the research goals of this effort.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-90-0623
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A221 767
Tsai, J. "Generalized Lethality Criteria for Beam Weapon Systems." In: 1988 Annual Summer Computer Simulation Conference,
20th Seattle, WA, July 25-28, 1988. San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 1988. p. 282-287.
Abstract:The lethality criteria which define the interaction between the directed energy systems and the targets have been derived.
For high energy laser systems, the lethality criteria are defined in terms of a lethal fluence. For neutral particle beam
systems, the lethality criteria can be specified either as lethal charge fluence or as lethal dose. Derivations are all based
on an assumed circular profile in the intensity distribution along the radial direction. Three different methods to calculate
the lethality criteria are introduced. Lethality criteria and dwell time requirements have been deduced. A relationship between
the different lethality concepts has been formulated.
Tunnell, T. "Is Cepstrum Averaging Applicable to Circularly Polarized Electric-Field Data." Los Alamos, NM: EG and G Energy
Measurements Inc., Los Alamos Operations, 25 April 1990. 18p.
Abstract:In FY 1988 a cepstrum-averaging technique was developed to eliminate the ground reflections from charged-particle beam (CPB)
electromagnetic pulse (EMP) data. The work was done for the Los Alamos National Laboratory Project DEWPOINT at SST-7. The
technique averages the cepstra of horizontally and vertically polarized electric-field data (i.e., linearly polarized electric-field
data). This cepstrum-averaging technique was programmed into the FORTRAN codes CEP and CEPSIM. Steve Knox, the principal investigator
for Project DEWPOINT, asked the authors to determine if the cepstrum-averaging technique could be applied to circularly polarized
electric-field data. The answer is, Yes, but some modifications may be necessary. There are two aspects to this answer that
we need to address, namely, the Yes and the modifications. First, regarding the Yes, the technique is applicable to elliptically
polarized electric-field data in general: circular polarization is a special case of elliptical polarization. Secondly, regarding
the modifications, greater care may be required in computing the phase in the calculation of the complex logarithm. The calculation
of the complex logarithm is the most critical step in cepstrum-based analysis. This memorandum documents these findings.
REPORT NUMBER: EGG-106175069, LAO27321946
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE91010824
Turchi, Peter J. "Possible Uses for Phillips Laboratory MHD Generator." Final report. 1 October 1994 - 30 August 1995. Kirtland
AFB, NM: Phillips Laboratory, August 1995. 25p.
Abstract:There is interest in electromagnetic energy sources for applications to directed energy weapons. Candidates include portable
conventional rotating machinery electric generators, magnetic flux compression generators (aka explosive generators, magnetocumulative
generators or MCGs) based on explosive action, and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators using chemical energy of explosives
or rocket propellants. For portable high energy MHD generators, US technology base appeared to need rescue. The US has received
a MHD device in the PAMlR-3U, developed in the former Soviet Union. The present discussion considers uses of this generator
for programs on high-power microwave systems and other directed energy concepts. Future applications will be limited by development
and funding of specific technical needs. A useful next step would be detailed design of a system to charge high-voltage pulsers.
This design should include comparison of single-pulse switching to achieve high-voltage from an inductive storage coil (energy
storage option) vs. repetitive switching at low voltage, followed by custom built transformers (direct drive option).
REPORTNUMBER: PL-TR-85-1095
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A317 939
Turman, B.N., M.G. Mazarakis and E.L. Neau. "Fundamentals of High Energy Electron Beam Generation." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia
National Labs., 1992. 13p. In: American Welding Society (AWS) Meeting, Cambridge, MA, 21-23 September 1992.
Abstract:High energy electron beam accelerator technology has been developed over the past three decades in response to military and
energy-related requirements for weapons simulators, directed-energy weapons, and inertially-confined fusion. These applications
required high instantaneous power, large beam energy, high accelerated particle energy, and high current. These accelerators
are generally referred to as ''pulsed power'' devices, and are typified by accelerating potential of millions of volts (MV),
beam current in thousands of amperes (KA), pulse duration of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds, kilojoules of beam energy, and
instantaneous power of gigawatts to teffawatts (10(sup 9) to 10(sup 12) watts). Much of the early development work was directed
toward single pulse machines, but recent work has extended these pulsed power devices to continuously repetitive applications.
These relativistic beams penetrate deeply into materials, with stopping range on the order of a centimeter. Such high instantaneous
power deposited in depth offers possibilities for new material fabrication and processing capabilities that can only now be
explored. Fundamental techniques of pulse compression, high voltage requirements, beam generation and transport under space-charge-dominated
conditions will be discussed in this paper.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-92-1938C, CONF-9209238-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-93-000745
U.S. Department of Defense. Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. "Defense Technology Plan." Washington,
DC: Department of Defense, 1994. 191p.
Abstract:This technology plan is a compilation of individual plans each covering one of the 19 technology areas comprising everything
but basic research that collectively describe the total Department of Defense Science and Technology effort. The primary purpose
of this plan is to document the objectives that we are trying to achieve and the science and technology efforts that are being
pursed in order to reach these objectives. The plan also identifies the funding that has been allocated for these objectives
and the timeframes in which these technologies will be available to be transitioned to new warfighting capabilities. The 19
technology area plans cover: aerospace propulsion and power; air and space vehicles; battlespace environments; biomedicine;
chemical and biological defense; clothing, textiles, and food; command, control and communications (C3); computing and software;
conventional weapons; electronics; electronic warfare and directed energy weapons; environmental quality and civil engineering;
human systems interface; manpower, personnel, and training; materials, processes, structures; sensors; ships/watercraft and
ground vehicles; manufacturing science and technology; and modeling and simulation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A285 415
U.S. Department of Defense. Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. "1997 Defense Technology Area Plan."
Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 1997. 191p.
Abstract:Not available.
http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/defense/97_dtap/
"U.S. Department of Energy Strategic Defense Initiative: New and Innovative Concepts Program." Summary report. Bethesda, MD:
TPI, Inc., October 1989. 115p.
Abstract:The Department of Energy's New and Innovative Concepts (N & IC) Program was established in FY1985 as part of the joint program
between the Department of Defense and the DOE for strategic defense research and technology development outlined in the FY1984
Memorandum of Agreement between the two agencies. The purpose of the N & IC Program was to elicit revolutionary (rather than
evolutionary) concepts, approaches, and ideas from the nation's scientific community. Three public PRDAs and one national-laboratory-directed
solicitation were issued seeking participation of universities, large and small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and the
national laboratories. The purpose of this report is to present summaries of the forty-two funded state-of-the-art N & IC
projects and is intended as an aid in the transfer of the technical results to the scientific community involved in Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI) activities. The potential benefits from this information transfer include the application of N &
IC project results to other fields and projects, and the further development of these specific projects by other government
and private entities.
REPORT NUMBER: DOE-FF-18204-T-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-005006
United States. USAF Scientific Advisory Board. "New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century." Directed Energy
Volume. Washington, D.C.: Scientific Advisory Board (Air Force), 1995. 91p.
Abstract:Directed energy weapons, both lasers and microwaves, will have widespread application over the next few decades. A substantial
technical data base now allows confident anticipation of weapon applications. Initial airborne weapons to provide boost-phase
defense against ballistic missiles and defense of aircraft against missiles will lead the way to space based, or space relayed,
weapons. Global presence with weapons capable of destroying or disabling anything that flies as well as most unarmored ground
targets will drive a new warfare paradigm. This volume discusses directed energy applications that are most probable as well
as most important in three time periods: 10,20, and 30 years. The technologies which should be supported to enable these applications
are discussed leading to several conclusions and recommendations. Our intent is that these recommendations are sufficiently
detailed to provide rapid definition of technology thrusts in laboratory programs. Reference is also made to a number of classified
annexes which cannot be discussed herein.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A309 595
Van Allen, Robert L., James D. Dillow and Gary F. Gurski. "Directed Energy Weapons Tracking and Pointing Space Experiments."
In: Guidance and Control 1987; Proceedings of the Annual Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference, Keystone, CO, January
31-February 4, 1987, San Diego, CA: Univelt Inc, 1987, p. 259-273.
Abstract:A comprehensive set of space experiments is being developed as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative to demonstrate acquisition,
tracking, pointing and fire control technologies required for directed energy weapons. The technical requirements for directed
energy weapons are discussed and the current approach for resolving technical issues is presented with emphasis placed on
issues addressed by analysis, simulation, and ground and space testing. The space experiments include Starlab, the Relay Mirror
Experiment, and the Agile Control Experiment.
REPORT NUMBER: AAS Paper 87-031
Van Atta, Richard H., Seymour J. Deitchman and Sidney G. Reed. "DARPA Technical Accomplishments." Volume 3. An Overall Perspective
and Assessment of the Technical Accomplishments of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency: 1958-1990. Final report.
November 1990-March 1991. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, July 1991. 95p.
Abstract:IDA has been documenting and assessing the major technical accomplishments and contributions to technological advance made
by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Phase I (published as Volume I, P-2192, and Volume II, P-2429) reviewed
the origins, evolution, and impact of 49 projects or program areas. This paper (Phase II) focuses on the broader context of
DARPA's contributions, including influences external to the agency. Its purpose is to describe the motivation for programs
undertaken by DARPA, the intrinsic nature of the research, and the technological advances that emerged. Some programs, such
as ballistic missile defense and large acoustic arrays for antisubmarine warfare, were highly successful in their own context,
while others, such as computing and computer networks, had wider ramifications for national technological developments. The
paper also derives lessons for future DARPA strategic planning and project management.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-P-2538-VOL-3
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A241 680
Van Keuren, E. and J. Knighten. "Implications of the High-Power Microwave Weapons Threat in Electronic Systems Design." San
Diego, CA: Maxwell Laboratory, Inc., 1991. In: IEEE 1991 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. EMC Society.
Radiating Compatibility from New Jersey, Cherry Hill, NJ, 12-16 August 1991. p. 370-371.
Abstract:High-power microwave (HPM) sources have been under investigation for several years as potential weapons for a variety of combat,
sabotage, and terrorist applications. Due to classification restrictions, details of this work are relatively unknown outside
the military community and its contractors. A brief, unclassified overview is provided, and introduction to HPM concepts is
given. The key point to recognize is the insidious nature of HPM. Due to the gigahertz-band frequencies (4 to 20 GHz) involved,
HPM has the capability to penetrate not only radio front-ends, but also the most minute shielding penetrations throughout
the equipment. At sufficiently high levels, as discussed, the potential exists for significant damage to devices and circuits.
For these reasons, HPM should be of interest to the broad spectrum of EMC practitioners. Some introductory concepts are presented.
A range of topics, including threats, sources, and possible protective techniques are discussed.
Van Keuren, E. and J. Knighten "Use of High Power Microwave Weapons." Cherry Hill, NJ: E. Van Keuren & Associates, 1995. In:
Proceedings. 29th Annual 1995 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Sanderstead, UK, 18-20 October 1995. (New York,
NY: IEEE, 1995), p. 482-491.
Abstract:The destructive power of high power microwave (HPM) generators allow them to be used as effective weapons by both law enforcement
and criminal organizations. Now, with the desperate need for cash by some developing nations, devices such as relativistic
magnetrons, capable of producing multi-megawatts and for use in weapons, have been offered for sale to other nations, groups
and individuals. Hence, HPM weapon capability has now become available not only for military use by any nation wishing to
invest but by terrorists and other criminal organizations. Similarly this capability is now available for law enforcement
activities. For the most part, it is believed that the aforementioned high multi-megawatt power would not be necessary for
law enforcement. Powers in the tens to hundred kilowatt range should be adequate, and tailorable sources such as microwave
transmitters readily available.
Van Keuren, E., J. Milkenfeld and J. Knighten. "Utilization of High-Power Microwave Sources in Electronic Sabotage and Terrorism."
La Jolla, CA: Maxwell Laboratory Inc., 1991. In: Proceedings. 25th Annual 1991 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, 1-3 October 1991. (New York, NY:
IEEE, 1991), p. 16-20.
Abstract:High-power microwave (HPM) sources have been under investigation for several years as potential weapons for a variety of sabotage,
terrorism, counter-security system, and combat applications. The key points to recognize are the insidious nature of HPM and
the many areas in which it can impact on security technology. Computers and other equipment can be damaged without user recognition
of the cause. HPM has the capability to penetrate not only radio front-ends but also the most minute shielding penetrations
throughout the equipment. The potential exists for significant damage to security and other devices and circuits, and even
injury to humans. Different HPM threats are described and specific protective measures are outlined.
Verga, Richard L. "Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage and Other Large-Scale SDI Cryogenic Applications Programs." In:
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. . 35A ? Proceedings of the 1989 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Los Angeles, CA,
July 24-28, 1989. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1990, p. 555-564.
Abstract:The paper describes the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) program for terrestrial storage of energy for use in
powering ground-based directed energy weapons. Special attention is given to SMES technology for SDI applications, the components
of a SMES system, the SMES Engineering Test Model Development Program, and the SMES critical technologies. It is pointed out
that SMES has applications other than SDI, such as commercial electric utility industry and space power systems, including
hydrogen-cooled cryoconductors, superconducting turboalternators, and high-temperature superconducting power leads.
P>Verga, Richard L., David Buden and Milan Nikolich. "Five Years of SDIO Power Development Progress." In: IECEC-90: Proceedings
of the 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Reno, NV, August 12-17, 1990. Vol. 1. New York, NY: American Institute
of Chemical Engineers, 1990, p. 6-12.
Abstract:The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) Power and Power Conditioning Program was established to develop the power
technologies needed to enable the envisioned ground-and space-based sensor and weapon systems. In particular, solar power
technologies have demonstrated survivability with less weight than present systems. Hardware is being produced for space nuclear
power, and lightweight, multimegawatt power source technologies have been demonstrated. SUPER (survivable power module program)
is scheduled to fly in FY93, thus validating survivable solar technology applicable to all satellites of military significance
for the foreseeable future. The SP-100 ground reactor test is scheduled to begin in FY94 and will provide the basis for a
follow-on flight phase. Once operational, SP-100 will provide the nation with the capability to perform high-power military
missions heretofore impractical, and will provide a general-purpose power source for a multitude of space exploration missions.
The multimegawatt and power conditioning programs will produce the requisite power sources for space-based directed energy
weapons. The SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage) program, which will begin testing of the engineering test model
in 1994, will provide a means for powering ground-based lasers with significant spinoff potential to the electric utility
industry.
Viecelli, J.A., D. H. Chambers and T.J. Karr. "Computation of Small Scale Velocity Turbulence and its Effect on Optical Scintillations
and Stimulated Thermal Rayleigh Scattering." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 23 September 1991. 37p.
Abstract:Coherent high-power light beams propagating long distances through turbulent fluids are subject to many kinds of scattering
effects; among these are small-scale thermal index instabilities, in which the fluid is heated by the small fraction of light
absorbed, amplifying the pre-existing index fluctuations and producing stimulated small-angle Rayleigh scattering. Turbulent
velocity fluctuations can inhibit the rate of growth of these instabilities by dispersing the thermal perturbations created
by the beam. Methods for computing the turbulent diffusion of the heating perturbations, compatible with fast Fourier transform
beam propagation computations, are presented. Propagation calculations of scintillation coherence times and small-scale velocity
turbulence thresholds for stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering are included.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-21771-Rev1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-018934
Walker, D.N. et al. "BEAR Program NRL Plasma Physics Instrumentation Measurements." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 15
November 1989. 101p.
Abstract:The BEAR program was a joint effort to launch, and demonstrate the feasibility of operating, a 1 MeV 10 ma Neutral Particle
Beam (NPB) accelerator from a space platform. The accelerator design and manufacture were the responsibility of Los Alamos
National Lab (LANL); diagnostics associated with accelerator operation and beam-plasma effects were also to be undertaken
by LANL and NRL. Payload Integration and Telemetry was provided by the Air Force Geophysical Lab (AFGL) and Northeastern University
(NEU). Beam effects on the local plasma in addition to accelerator produced vehicle effects (e.g., charging) were the responsibility
of NRL as outlined herein. The BEAR rocket was launched successfully during the early morning hours of July 13 from White
Sands Missile Range, White Sands, N.M. The NRL contribution to this effort included three instrument packages designed to
diagnose beam-plasma and vehicle-plasma interactions. The instruments included: (1) Langmuir probe (LP) design consisting
of 4 separate sensors; (2) High voltage (HIV) Langmuir Probe designed to monitor vehicle charging through current polarity
changes; and (3) Plasma Wave Receive (PWR) designed to characterize the plasma wave emissions covering a broad frequency range
from near DC to 50 MHz.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-SUB-94-81
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-94-012077
Weitz, R.L. "Inverse Compton Conversion." Final report. Progress report. Albuquerque, NM: Science Applications International
Corp., 19 November 1990. 56p.
Abstract:Inverse Compton conversion has been proposed as an alternative to the bremsstrahlung conversion process as a method of transforming
the kinetic energy of an electron beam into a directed beam of photons. An electron beam with incident electron kinetic energy
E(sub o) enters a volume of dimension L containing a photon gas, which is characterized by a blackbody temperature E(sub bb)
and a density (rho)(sub (gamma)). The electrons will inverse-Compton scatter with individual photons in the photon gas. In
this process, energy is transferred to the photons, which are then emitted in the forward direction. The resultant photon
beam could be used to deliver a radiation dose to a distant target. This report discusses the theoretical formulation of the
problem, presents sample results, and describes the computer code developed to analyze this concept.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-SUB-93-287
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-93-040567
West, W.J., II. "Strategic Defense Initiative Simulation (SDISIM)." In: 1986 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Reno,
NV, July 28-30, 1986. San Diego, CA: Society for Computer Simulation, 1986, p. 999-1003.
Abstract:Strategic Defense Initiative Simulation (SDISIM) will evaluate multilayer defense effectiveness parametrically as a function
of specific combinations of five defense layers and the performance of the systems within a defense layer. SDISIM is able
to address leakage analysis, architecture testing, a broad range of systems/subsystem performance and requirements tradeoffs,
survivability issues, battle management concepts, and weapon assignment algorithms. All key functional and subsystem models
of a multitiered ballistic missile defense system are assembled by an executive program driver into an event-based code that
preserves the chronology of all simulated events. SDISIM modeling includes a threat generator, five defense tiers, satellite,
probe- and airborne-based optical sensors, kinetic energy and directed energy space-based weapons, battle management command,
control, communications, group-based radars, discrimination, ground-based interceptors, and kill assessment.
Westenskow, G.A. "Relativistic Klystron Experimental Results." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 27 October
1988. 7p. In: DARPA/SDIO Services Annual Propagation Review, Newport, RI, 12 September 1988.
Abstract:Relativistic klystrons are being developed as a power source for high-gradient accelerator applications which include compact
accelerators, large linear electron-positron colliders, and FEL sources. We have attained 200 MW peak power at 11.4 GHz from
a relativistic klystron, and 140 MV longitudinal gradient in a short 1.4-GHz accelerator section. We report here on the design
of our first klystrons, the results of our experiments so far, and some of our plans for the near future.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-99875, CONF-88091492-7
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-005653
White, R.B., et al. "Sawtooth Stabilization by Energetic Trapped Particles." Princeton Univ., NJ: Plasma Physics Laboratory,
March 1988. 18p.
Abstract:Recent experiments involving high power radio-frequency heating of a tokamak plasma show strong suppression of the sawtooth
oscillation. A high energy trapped particle population is shown to have a strong stabilizing effect on the internal resistive
kink mode. Numerical calculations are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-009343
Wilkenson, W.F. "Theory for Optical Wavelength Control in Short Pulse Free Electron Laser Oscillators." Monterey, CA: Naval
Postgraduate School, June 1993. 110p.
Abstract:The future safety of the U.S. Navy warship depends on the development of a directed energy self-defense system to keep pace
with the ever-improving technology of anti-ship missiles. Two candidates are reviewed. The free electron laser (FEL) has the
most advantages, but a chemical laser proposed by TRW is ready for installation on existing ships. Initial testing of issues
related to directed energy use at sea can be conducted with the chemical laser. When the technology of the FEL matures, it
can replace the chemical laser to provide the best possible defense in the shortest period of time. Continuous tunability
is a key advantage of the FEL over the conventional laser. But since the output wavelength is dependent on electron energy.
It is subject to random fluctuations originating from the beam source. At the Stanford University Superconducting (SCA) Free
Electron Laser (FEL) Facility, the effects are minimized through negative feedback by changing the input electron energy proportional
to the observed wavelength drift. The process is simulated by modifying a short pulse FEL numerical program to allow the resonant
wavelength to vary over many passes. The physical effects behind optical wavelength control are explained. A theory for the
preferential nature of the FEL to follow the resonant wavelength from longer to shorter wavelengths is presented. Finally,
the response of the FEL to a rapidly changing resonant wavelength is displayed as a transfer function for the system.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A271 706
Wilkinson, Charles K. "Orbit Synthesis For Target Satellites." In: Astrodynamics 1989; Proceedings of the AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics
Conference, Stowe, VT, August 7-10, 1989. Part 1. San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1990, p. 671-695.
Abstract:The purpose of the study is to illustrate the orbit synthesis process for a hypothetical test of a direct-ascent-based kinetic
energy weapons (KEW) against an instrumented test cheicle. Test arena and communications considerations for a ground-based
directed energy weapon and a direct-ascent-based KEW are outlined, along with launch vehicle constraints, algorithms for off-nominal
orbits, and thermal-control and orbit lifetime considerations. Focus is placed on altitude and illumination cycles, general-test
and detailed-test constraints, and methodologies for assessing orbit performance. The orbit inclination, test window concept,
selection of apogee altitude, orbit inclination, perigee altitude, launch window, and the effect of the launch date.
REPORT NUMBER: AAS Paper 89-410
Wilson, N.G. "Vacuum System Design Considerations of the Los Alamos Accelerator Test Stand (ATS)." Los Alamos National Laboratory,
NM. 1986. 4p.
Abstract:The accelerator test stand (ATS), in operation at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, includes a hydrogen ion source, low-
and high-energy beam-transport sections, and a 425-MHz radio-frequency quadruple (RFQ) linear accelerator. A 425-MHz drift-tube
linac (DTL) and a powered ''buncher'' matching section have been constructed and will be installed on the ATS. The vacuum
systems required for the various sections of the ATS are designed to provide: (1) high gas-load capability, as required in
the ion source, and (2) high-vacuum capability in the high-power, radio-frequency accelerator sections (where fast vacuum-system
response time is of importance) through the use of distributed, differential pumping as a principal vacuum-system feature.
This paper describes properties of accelerator materials, vacuum-systems engineering and analysis, vacuum equipment used,
and ATS vacuum-system performance.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-86-1685, CONF-8606291-0
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-86-011245
Woo, W. and J.S. DeGroot. "Analysis and Computations of Microwave-Atmospheric Interactions." Final Report. 1 September 1982
- 31 August 1983. California University Davis, Plasma Research Group, 1 June 1984. 26p.
Abstract:The Plasma Research Group has continued the theoretical investigation of microwave atmospheric interactions, in close coordination
with personnel at the Naval Research Laboratory and elsewhere. The basic investigation concerns the propagation and absorption
of microwaves above the breakdown threshold in the atmosphere with the self consistent breakdown plasma. Typical hydrodynamic
calculations show that an ionization front is rapidly formed which moves toward the microwave source and consequently decouples
the microwaves from the original ionization region. By focusing the microwaves or using a reflector, ionization can be confined
to localized regions where the microwave strength is high enough to cause breakdown even though the incoming microwaves are
below threshold.
REPORT NUMBER: PRG-R-98
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A149 666
Worsham, Richard, and John R. Clark. "Fire Control Apparatus for a Laser Weapon." Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the
Air Force, 3 March 1987. 14p.
Abstract:This patent discloses a laser weapon fire control computer apparatus for responding in teal time to the escort/threat scenario
that confronts the weapon. The first control computer apparatus compares the threat data with stored predicted scenarios to
develop a firing strategy menu which takes into account the fact that the laser energy is instantaneously propagated to the
target but requires a substantial amount of time to inflict damage. The fire control computer apparatus utilizes the weapon's
status, dwell time, slew time and fuel limits to yield a weapon pointing sequence and weapon on off time.
PATENT: 4,647,759
Wu, T.T. et al. "Fields and Currents and Charges on Obstacles in a Parallel-Plate Simulator at Selected Frequencies and with
Pulse Excitation." Final report. 2 February 1981-1 May 1983. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ., Gordon McKay Laboratory, August
1983. 56p.
Abstract:This final report summarizes the results of a 2-year study performed at Harvard University to determine the properties of
the Harvard model simulator at selected frequencies and under pulse excitation. The continuous-wave (CW) study is completed
with measurements at intermediate frequencies; a novel series apron device is developed to improve the performance in this
frequency range. The pulse study begins with a theoretical and experimental investigation of the simpler rhombic simulator,
and concludes with an investigation of the Harvard parallel-plate simulator. Both the rhombic and the metal-plate simulators
exhibit unexpected complications which require further study. Each feature is examined individually and the sources of the
many parasitic pulses are determined. Methods for eliminating the undesired pulses are presented, along with a new experimental
technique to reduce the systematic interference and a new theory to solve for the current in the time domain.
REPORT NUMBER: AF-WL-TR-83-45
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A132 406
Wysocki, F.J. et al. "Progress with Small, High-Magnetic-Field Spheromaks in CTX." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 1989.
5p. In: US/Japan Workshop on Field-Reversed Configurations and Compact Toroids (11th), Los Alamos, NM (USA), 7-9 November
1989.
Abstract:The current CTX program is directed towards using spheromaks as an energy transfer medium to accelerate metal plates to hypervelocity.
In the proposed scheme, the spheromak is first compressed by accelerating a large plate to moderate velocity (3--5 km/s) with
high explosives (HE). Another smaller plate is designed such that it experiences little force until the spheromak is compressed
to a size comparable to the small plate. Then the force on the small plate rises quickly, accelerating this plate to high
velocity. Present theoretical calculations indicate velocity gain of the small plate over the large plate as high as four,
which could produce 20 km/s small plate velocity. In principle, the final velocity is limited only by the sound speed of the
spheromak, and in practice, is probably limited by ohmic heating in the plate, the amount of energy that can be delivered
to the large compression plate, and the energy dissipated by the spheromak during compression. Taking these effects into account,
final velocities in the range 40--100 km/s might be achievable.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-89-3767, CONF-8911130-7
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-003395
Ya-Ping, Zhang. "1993 Technical Progress in Directed-Energy Weapons in the United States." National Air Intelligence Center,
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 6 February 1996. 15p. Translation of Zhongguo Hangtian, (China) p. 36-39.
Abstract:No abstract available.
REPORT NUMBER: NAIC-ID (RS) T-0628-95
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A306 419 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]
Ya-Ping, Zhang. "Review and Prospects of the United States Directed-Energy Weapons Technology Development in 1994." National
Air Intelligence Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. June 1996. 11p. Translation of CAMA, China Astronautics and Missilery Abstracts, 1995, v. 2, n. 4, p. 41-43.
Abstract:Directed-energy weapons are new-generation weapons developed on the basis of the new concept of replacing conventional bullets
with high-energy-density beams. Technically, directed-energy weapons can be divided into three branches, namely: (1) laser
weapons, which can destroy or destabilize targets by using electromagnetic radiation energy beams with a wavelength of less
than 1 millimeter; (2) radio-frequency weapons, which can destroy or destabilize targets with radiated electromagnetic energy
within the radio spectrum range (the wavelength is more than 1 millimeter and radio frequency less than 300 gigahertz); (3)
particle beam weapons, which are capable of destroying or destabilizing targets with neutral high-energy atomic particle beams
(usually hydrogen, deuterium and tritium) or charged high-energy atomic or subatomic particle beams.
REPORT NUMBER: NAIC-ID (RS) T-0089-96
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A310 485 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]
Yee, J.H., W.J. Orvis and L.C. Martin. "Theoretical Modeling of EMP Effects in Semiconductor Junction Devices." Final report.
Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, February 1983. 42p.
Abstract:This report discusses various damage mechanisms and their effects on the performance of semiconductor devices, and some of
the important theoretical models which are used to describe second breakdown phenomena. The dominant mechanism responsible
for the occurrence of second breakdown is probably the thermal excitation of electrons from a device's valence band (thermal
mode second breakdown); conclusions from theoretical calculations based on three different approximations seem to support
this model. Current mode breakdown, another form of second breakdown, is discussed in terms of the role it plays in determining
the shape of the threshold failure power curve. The purpose of this investigation is, therefore, to assess the existing models
and known mechanisms which can cause damage to a p-n junction device in an electromagnetic pulse environment.
REPORT NUMBER: AF-WL-TR-82-91
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A125 976
Yeo, Yung K. "Superconductivity." In: Critical Technologies for National Defense. Washington, DC: American Institute for Aeronautics
and Astronautics, 1991, p. 319-325.
Abstract:Many potential high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) military applications have been demonstrated by low-temperature superconductivity
systems; they encompass high efficiency electric drives for naval vessels, airborne electric generators, energy storage systems
for directed-energy weapons, electromechanical launchers, magnetic and electromagnetic shields, and cavity resonators for
microwave and mm-wave generation. Further HST applications in militarily relevant fields include EM sensors, IR focal plane
arrays, SQUIDs, magnetic gradiometers, high-power sonar sources, and superconducting antennas and inertial navigation systems.
The development of SQUID sensors will furnish novel magnetic anomaly detection methods for ASW.
You-Wen, Yau. et al. "Overview of Via Formation Technologies for Ceramic Packaging Manufacturing." In: 1993 Proceedings, 43rd Electronic Components and Technology Conference. Orlando, FL, 1-4 June 1993. p. 155-158.
Abstract:Via hole formation plays an important role in multi-layer electronic packaging fabrication because it provides vertical paths
for the packaging interconnection networks. As the packaging wiring density and complexity increases, additional and more
stringent demands are put on the via formation technology (e.g. tighter dimensional control, higher via positional accuracy,
etc.). Over the years, several via formation technologies have been developed and implemented for manufacturing high performance
electronic packages. They range from the traditional mechanical punch to the state-of-the-art directed energy technologies
such as laser and electron beam. The primary driving forces for the various via formation technologies are application extension,
performance enhancement, cost reduction, and flexibility. In this paper, an-overview of these via forming technologies along
with the comparison of their capability and flexibility is given. The focus is on mechanical punching, laser drilling, and
electron beam machining.
Young, D. et al. "Experimental Investigation of Relationship Between Nonlinear Field Energy and Emittance Growth." In: Microwave
and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts; Proceedings of the Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, January 16-20, 1989.
Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1989, p. 503-507.
Abstract:This paper reviews the theory of emittance growth of a space-charge-dominated particle beam in a solenoidal focusing field
and proposes an experiment to measure the emittance of an electron beam through a magnetic optic. This electron beam can have
two different radial charge distributions. The experiment will attempt to show a relationship between the nonlinear field
energy and emittance growth.
Young, D. et al. "Experimental Investigation of Relationship Between Nonlinear Field Energy and Emittance Growth." Final report.
September 1987-May 1989. Kirtland AFB, NM: Weapons Laboratory, November 1989. 25p.
Abstract:Understanding the phenomena of emittance growth in space-charge-dominated particle beams is important to any application that
requires a small final emittance. Many researchers have looked at the process of emittance growth under these conditions.
Wangler, et al., uses the idea of nonlinear field energy to describe emittance growth. In brief, a beam with a nonuniform
radial intensity distribution has a potential energy associated with this distribution. As the beam propagates through a solenoidal
magnetic field, this potential energy is turned into transverse kinetic energy and manifests itself as emittance growth. The
experimental results shows that there is a relationship between the initial intensity profile and the tune ratio to the emittance
of charged particle beams in solenoidal focusing fields. The results also agree with the predicted beam intensity profile
changes under focusing for peaked and flat beams. This experiment shows that an experiment to verify this theory by using
two different beam intensity profiles is feasible. More experimentation in this area is recommended.
REPORT NUMBER: WL-TR-89-31
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A215 813
Young, K. David. "Control System Research for Directed Energy Weapons: FY86 Annual Technical Report." Livermore, CA: Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, CA. October 1986. 539p.
Abstract:This report describes program progress in numerical algorithms for controls and robust control methods. Nine papers have been
separately indexed. Additional information is presented in the report on the following topics: large scale systems control
methods; multirate digital control; decentralized/regulated control methods; and mathematical modeling for flexible structures.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-20950
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-005206
Young, K. David. "Control System Research for Directed Energy Weapons: FY87 Annual Technical Report." Livermore, CA: Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, December 1987. 461p.
Abstract:This paper discusses the different control systems that are being considered to direct directed energy weapons. The control
methods discussed are: large scale systems control methods; robust control methods; decentralized/relegated control methods;
multirate digital control; decentralized multirate control; and distributed finite element modeling and controls.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-20950-87
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-015371
Zhihao, Zhu. "Trends of Microwave Weapon Development." National Air Intelligence Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 4 January
1996. 15p. Translation of an unidentified Chinese language article, 11p.
Abstract:Microwave weapons, which depend on electric power and are based on electromagnetic pulse technology, will replace weapon systems
that depend on chemical energy. It is estimated that by the twenty-first century, the many directed-energy weapons that will
appear, including microwave weapons, will have a profound effect on warfare. Thus, microwave weapon technology should be given
sufficient emphasis. This article describes the importance of microwave weapon development, gives a general description of
microwave weapons and development trends, and gives some conclusions and suggestions concerning microwave weapons. This article
particularly emphasizes the unique role of microwave weapons in countering stealth technology.
NAIC-ID (RS) T-0632-95
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A304 644 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]
Ziolkowski, Richard W. "Focused Electromagnetic Energy Transfer in Space: Investigation of New Electromagnetic Field Representations"
Calendar Year 1987 Progress Report to SDIO/IST. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, January 1988. 144p.
Abstract:New electromagnetic directed energy pulse train (EDEPT) solutions of Maxwell's equations were obtained and studied extensively.
One particular solution, the modified power spectrum (MPS) pulse, was selected for more detailed examination for potential
SDI applications such as electromagnetic directed energy weapons, completely secure communications, and remote sensing. MPS
pulses can be tailored to give directed energy transfer in space in such a manner that theoretically they beat the diffraction
limit. Moreover, they represent fields that recover their initial amplitudes along the direction of propagation out to extremely
large distances from their initial location. These EDEPT solutions are not physically pathological and can be reconstructed
from causal Green's functions. In fact, these fields appear to be launchable from finite aperture antennas.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-21300
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-009691
Ziolkowski, Richard W. "Localized Transmission of Wave Energy." In: Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy
Concepts; Proceedings of the Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, January 16-20, 1989. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation
Engineers, 1989, vol. 1061, p. 395-402.
Abstract:Exact solutions of the scalar wave and Maxwell's equations that describe localized transmission of wave energy and their representations
will be reviewed briefly. These acoustic (ADEPT) and electromagnetic (EDEPT) directed energy pulse train solutions can be
optimized so that they are localized near the direction of propagation and their original amplitude is recovered out to extremely
large distances from their initial location. Pulses with these very desirable localized transmission characteristics have
a number of potential applications in the areas of directed energy weapons, secure communications, and remote sensing. The
feasibility of launching an ADEPT from an array of acoustic transducers has been tested experimentally. As will be shown,
excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental results was obtained.
Ziska, R.F. "High Energy Lasers: A Primer on Directed Energy Weapons for Space Use." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School,
September 1984. 86p.
Abstract:The rapid and inevitable commercialization and exploitation of space, which is now gaining increased momentum as the Space
Shuttle program settles into a regular monthly schedule, is inescapably increasing our dependence on space-based systems of
all kinds. These systems have become vital national interests, the defense of which must be considered whenever realistic
war-time scenarios are developed. Consequently, the introduction of weapons into the space environment is an important option,
the potential of which must be thoroughly investigated so as not to unwittingly jeopardize critical national assets and ultimately
national defense. This thesis is intended to be a semi-technical 'primer' on directed energy laser weapons for utilization
in the space environment. The rationale for the selection of space-based laser weapon systems is examined. Additionally, the
basic concepts, components, and operations of three of the most promising methods for the generation of high-power laser energy
in space are presented.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A151 279
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