Directed Energy Weapons: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports issued with distribution limitations (e.g. FOUO or DOD only) due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution references only. Abstracts were taken from various databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the author of this bibliography.

Galan, L., C. Moranti, F. Rueda and J.M. Sanz. "Study of Secondary Emission Properties of Materials Used for High Power RF (Radio Frequency) Components in Space." Final Report. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain). Dept. of Applied Physics, 1988. 86p.
Abstract: Secondary electron emission (SEE) properties of materials used for high power waveguide components in space, particularly on surfaces for space hardware were studied, including Alodine surfaces before and after power conditioning. Surface treatments to aid multipactor suppression for these materials, including methods for surface protection and handling, were examined. If only true SEE is considered, Alodine coatings have better characteristics than TiN, TiC, Cr2O3, and C. The rugosity of Alodine may explain its good properties. No clear correlation between SEE characteristic values and multipactor threshold power is found; smaller SEE is not determinant for obtaining higher multipactor threshold power.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N88-300124

Gandhi, O.P. and J.Y. Chen. "Electromagnetic Pulse-Induced Current Measurement Device." Final technical report. June 1989-September 1990. St. Cloud, FL: Southeastern Center for Electrical Engineering Education, Inc., August 1991. 17p.
Abstract: To develop safety guidelines for exposure to high fields associated with an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), it is necessary to devise techniques that would measure the peak current induced in the human body. The main focus of this project was to design, fabricate, and test a portable, self-contained stand-on device that would measure and hold the peak current and the integrated change Q. The design specifications of the EMP-Induced Current Measurement Device are as follows: rise time of the current pulse, 5 ns; peak current, 20-600A; charge Q, 0-20 micro coulomb. The device uses a stand-on parallel-plate bilayer sensor and fast high-frequency circuit that are well-shielded against spurious responses to high incident fields. Since the polarity of the incident peak electric field of the EMP may be either positive or negative, the induced peak current can also be positive or negative. Therefore, the device is designed to respond to either of these polarities and measure and hold both the peak current and the integrated charge which are simultaneously displayed on two separate 3-1/2 digit displays. The prototype device has been preliminarily tested with the EMPs generated at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory (ALECS facility) at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A241 946

Gardner, C.L., J.S. Seregelyi and P. Sevat. "Safety Guidelines for the Operation of the DREO 10m EMP Simulator DREMPS." Technical note no. 93-5. Ottawa (Ontario), Canada: Defence Research Establishment, c1993. 42p.
Abstract: A 10m electromagnetic pulse (EMP) simulator was constructed in 1992 to generate the very short pulses of intense electromagnetic fields that would be produced by the explosion of a nuclear weapon outside the atmosphere. Such an explosion would affect military electronic systems. To generate these fields, a 600 kV pulse generator is used. This technical note details the hazards that exist as well as procedures that must be followed to ensure safe operation and maintenance of the facility.
REPORT NUMBER: MIC93-04554

Garner, R. and M. Burka. "Molecular Nitrogen Fluorescence Lidar for Remote Sensing of the Auroral Ionosphere." Technical report. Lexington, MA: PhotoMetrics, Inc., 24 February 1994. 40p.
Abstract: We describe two types of molecular nitrogen fluorescence lidars which can be used to determine excited or ionized Nsub2 density in the ionosphere during moderate or strong aurora. The lidars can also be used for high spatial resolution diagnostics during ionospheric high power radio frequency heating experiments which are often performed when there is moderate auroral activity. The lidars excite Nsub2 already excited or ionized through impact with high energy auroral electrons. Several different configurations are considered for each lidar. The first type of lidar is a conventional fluorescence lidar which operates in the first positive system (Nsub2(A(3)Sigmasubu(+)) yields Nsub2(B(3)Pisubg)) or the first negative system (Nsub2(+)(X(2)Sigmasubg(+)) yields Nsub2(+)(B(2)Sigmasubu(+))). Several different lasers are considered. The choice of laser determines the bands for excitation and fluorescence. The second type of lidar first pumps excited Nusb2 to a higher energy state and then does conventional fluorescence lidar on that state.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A280 716

Gavin, Joseph G., Jr. et al. "Advanced Power Sources for Space Missions." Washington, DC: National Research Council, c1989. 152p.
Abstract: Approaches to satisfying the power requirements of space-based Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) missions are studied. The power requirements for non-SDI military space missions and for civil space missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are also considered. The more demanding SDI power requirements appear to encompass many, if not all, of the power requirements for those missions. Study results indicate that practical fulfillment of SDI requirements will necessitate substantial advances in the state of the art of power technology. SDI goals include the capability to operate space-based beam weapons, sometimes referred to as directed-energy weapons. Such weapons pose unprecedented power requirements, both during preparation for battle and during battle conditions. The power regimes for these two sets of applications are referred to as alert mode and burst mode, respectively. Alert-mode power requirements are presently stated to range from about 100 kW to a few megawatts for cumulative durations of about a year or more. Burst-mode power requirements are roughly estimated to range from tens to hundreds of megawatts for durations of a few hundred to a few thousand seconds. There are two likely energy sources, chemical and nuclear, for powering SDI directed-energy weapons during the alert and burst modes. The choice between chemical and nuclear space power systems depends in large part on the total duration during which power must be provided. Complete study findings, conclusions, and eight recommendations are reported.
REPORT NUMBER: NASA-TM-101811
ACCESSION NUMBER: N89-28565/AD-A345 765

Gay, Jeffery M., James B. Cornette and Mark W. Heyse. "Electromagnetic Launcher Control Using Finite State Machines." Final Report. March 1991 ? April 1992. Eglin AFB, FL: Wright Laboratory, Armament Directorate, July 1992. 11p.
Abstract: This paper shows the continued viability of sequential Finite State machines (FSMs) as a means to control the sequencing of Electromagnetic Launcher (EWE) systems. While computer control led sequencing is an attractive alternative FSMs are easy to design, inexpensive and reliable. Several FSM controllers are currently in use for the long duration EML experiments at the Hypervelocity Research Facility, Eglin AFB, FL. This paper discusses the basic system design with reference to design procedure and systems interfacing, flexibility, and the fail-safe nature of the FSM (i.e., system interrupt capability) are also discussed. Where requirements include repeatability, reliability, ease of operation, relative low cost, and flexibility, the FSM is presented as a reasonable alternative to more expensive computer-based systems.
REPORT NUMBER: WL/MN-TR-92-006
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A254 433

Gedik, Abdullah. "Energy Threshold For Laser Induced Breakdown on a Metal Surface Under High and Ultra High Vacuum Conditions." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1991, 38p.
Abstract: Unipolar arcing is the primary breakdown process when a powerful laser pulse interacts with a target surface. The unipolar arc model assumes that the initial ionization occurs in desorbed gas layers. To check this experimentally a metal surface was illuminated under different vacuum conditions. The experiments were conducted at 10-4, 10-6 and 10-8 torr vacuum. A neodymium:glass laser of wavelength 1.06 um in the Q-switched mode was utilized. Type 304, polished, stainless steel plates were used as targets. Results confirmed that higher laser energy was needed to trigger the laser induced breakdown at lower pressures.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A246 212

George, W.V., W.R. Sooy and M.A. Summers. "Army Boost Phase Intercept Initiative." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 28 July 1995. 2p.
Abstract: No abstract available.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-121803
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-96-003822

Girolamo, Henry. "Notional Helmet Concepts: A Survey of Near-Term and Future Technologies." Army Natick Research and Development Center, MA. March 1991. 60p.
Abstract: This research identified, explored , and evaluated near-term and future technologies having potential applications in developing a future helmet- mounted display and an integrated battlefield communication/information management system that will enhance the dismounted soldier's performance. This report was written with the combat developer in mind and is intended to serve as a technology guide. Helmet-mounted displays would have a multi-purpose full-face shield capable of displaying alphanumeric data and graphics. It would need a polycarbonate resin that would provide protection against ballistic fragmentation and directed energy hazards. The display would include night vision enhancement capabilities and electro-optical weapons sights for remote weapon sighting; sensors to medically monitor the soldiers physiological functions; and sensors that would warn soldiers of chemical and biological agents, radiation, and other hazardous atmospheric conditions
REPORT NUMBER: NATICK/TR-91/017
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A234 475

Godfrey, B.B. "Microwave and Electron Beam Computer Programs." Final report. August 1986-January 1988. Albuquerque, NM: Mission Research Corp., June 1988. 31p.
Abstract: This report discusses some computer programs available for addressing the physics of high power microwave and charged particle beam generation and propagation. Codes range from simple lumped parameter models to detailed multidimensional simulations. Described here are the capabilities and underlying models of the microwave source, particle beam accelerator, and particle beam propagation codes. Although the more powerful of these programs can also be used for microwave propagation and antenna design, other programs specifically designed for these applications are typically employed instead.
REPORT NUMBER: AF-WL-TR-87-69
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A197 798

Godfrey, B.B. et al. "IFR Transport in Recirculating Accelerators." Final report. Albuquerque, NM: Mission Research Corp., November 1985. 52p.
Abstract: Charged particle beam weapon research has focused on predictions of RADLAC beam propagation in the atmosphere, analysis of RADLAC beam transport in low density ionized (IFR) channels, and preliminary studies of generic IFR transport in recirculating high current electron beam inductive accelerators. This report summarizes our recirculating accelerator findings. In addition, a patent disclosure for creating IFR channels with low power electron beams has been prepared in collaboration with SNL personnel.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A229 102

Goldstein, G.R. "Free Electron Lasers as Ground Based Space Weapons." MIT, Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1988. In: Third Short Course on the Arms Race, Washington, DC, 16-17 April 1988, AIP Conference Proceedings, no.178, p. 290-315
Abstract: The free electron laser (FEL) is the most promising directed energy weapon in the SDI program. Its theoretical underpinnings, present achievements and future prospects are reviewed. The general requirements of a ground based laser system are derived and are seen to be quite expensive to implement as well as being far beyond current technical capabilities. Atmospheric propagation effects, particularly stimulated Raman scattering, will make the transmission of adequate powers dubious. A summary of existing and proposed FEL parameters shows that, at best, future facilities ill be many orders of magnitude away from the required GigaWatt average output powers in the visible or near infrared region. Prospects for FEL midcourse or terminal phase weapons are equally problematic, given the simple countermeasures available to the offense. Use as an ASAT weapon is less technically demanding, but of limited applicability given the vulnerability of an extensive space based targeting system.

Goto, S.K. and J.H. Hayden. "Multimegawatt Power Distribution Considerations." In: IECEC 86; Proceedings of the Twenty-First Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, CA, August 25-29, 1986. Volume 3. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986, p. 1660-1662.
Abstract: Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) power systems are required to operate at low power for extended periods, yet provide burst power of hundreds of megawatts for up to hundreds of seconds for electromagnetic launchers and various directed energy weapons. High power levels and the separation between the prime power source and the weapon because of the physical size of each makes the design of the electrical power transmission and distribution system of great significance. Preliminary analysis of SDI power system architectures indicate that power distribution equipment and its thermal control are significant portions of the total spacecraft weight. It appears that proper choice of distribution voltage and conductor material can significantly reduce the total system mass by eliminating all active thermal control systems and allowing conductor temperatures to rise during the engagement. This paper examines several concepts to minimize distribution system weight.

Gover, J.E. and J.S. Browning. "Radiation-Hardening Systems Considerations: Electrical Systems and Radiation Environments." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., March 1987. 65p.
Abstract: This report describes the classes of electrical systems that require the use of radiation-hardened microelectronics and presents the characteristics of the radiation environments. We anticipate that developers of systems that are to be radiation-hardened can use this report to better appreciate the issues involved. In particular, we wish to emphasize the need for considering radiation-hardening issues early in systems development.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-86-1737
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-007821

Granatstein, V.L. et al. "Soviet High-Power Radio Frequency Research." McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corp., July 1988. 153p.
Abstract: A panel of U.S. scientists and engineers assessed Soviet research in high powered microwaves in the early 1980s, as reflected in information released publicly. In the centimeter band, the USSR is far ahead of the U.S. in developing backward wave oscillators (BWOs) at extremely high peak power levels and high efficiency. Soviet scientists are also far ahead in developing repetitively pulsed BWOs and magnetrons, and in compact packaging of these repetitively pulsed generators. In high power millimeter wave devices, Soviet capability is at the forefront in gyrotron development, but lags in free electron laser experiments. Soviet research on gyrotron amplifiers aimed at providing radio frequency power for linear supercolliders has produced a 60 dB amplifier at 7 GHz capable of producing 60 MW output pulses of 0.7 microsec duration. An almost complete absence in recent USSR literature on vircators or on phase locking of high power microwave sources is noted. Only one publication on high power microwave component development or high power microwave propagation was found in recent USSR literature. No mention of testing electronic components for damage by high microwaves was found, although references were made to effects of nuclear electromagnetic pulses.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N89-136873

Grant, J.E. "Fiber-Optics Used to Record High-Speed Photographs Inside a Pressurized Tank During Lethality Testing." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., April 1988. 32p.
Abstract: Sandia National Laboratories has a program underway to determine the survivability and lethality of potential targets subjected to high order impulse loads. This effort is associated with the Strategic Defense Initiative's (SDI) Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) program and is managed by the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). The energy from this class of weapons impact the target surface simultaneously and produce an impulse that varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence. The goals of the program are to determine the relevant failure mechanisms, assess the validity of our numerical codes in modeling target behavior, provide a series of benchmark tests that can be used to improve our numerical capability, and provide the SDI community with estimates of survivability and lethality levels for various generic targets. The experiment described in this report is one in a series of similar experiments designed to model target behavior in the absence of material degradation and spall.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-88-8205
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-011283

Graybill, R. "Chemical and Laser Sciences Division Annual Report 1990." Progress report. Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. June 1991. 132p.
Abstract: This is the annual report of the Chemical and Laser Sciences Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory for 1990. Topics covered include analytical chemistry research, inertial confinement fusion, free electron lasers, and directed energy weapons.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-12107-PR
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-014302

Griff, Neil. "Directed Energy Overview." In: High-Power Gas Lasers; Proceedings of the Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, January 15-17, 1990. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1990. p. 601-628.
Abstract: Directed energy weapons can add significantly to the effectiveness of a Strategic Defense System (SDS) by complementing the capability of phase I kinetic energy weapons. Component development for each of the directed energy concepts is progressing well. The chemical laser and neutral particle beam programs are nearing the stage where component integration tests are essential for establishing engineering proof-of-principle. For the somewhat less mature ground-based free electron laser technology, device development will be emphasized during the next several years. Development of the acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) program will continue at a fast pace, with an exciting proof-of-principle information to support a national decision on strategic defense in the 1991/1993 timeframe.

Gripshover, R.J. and L.F. Rinehart. "Frozen Wave Generator Jammer." Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. Filed 9 April 1981. Patented 1 January 1985. 10p.
Abstract: A high peak power, broad band, radio frequency pulse generator generates square wave pulses at a high pulse repetition frequency for use in jamming of radar, data links, voice communication, or other radio frequency signals. The generator is constructed with one or more pairs of coaxial cable formed into opposite half loops. The cable is provided with an inner conductor and outer conductors with the outer conductor of each opposed loop attached to a spark gap switch while the inner conductor is continuous throughout the loops from one side of a matched impedance load, such as an antenna, to the other side of the load. The spark gap switch is provided with a pair of electrodes separated by a gap. The gap contains a dielectric medium having fast spark quenching characteristics and a high standoff voltage. Peak power for the generator is 10 to 100 kilowatts with a pulse repetition frequency of 1 to 100 kilohertz
PATENT: 4,491,842

Grossman, J. "Military Laser Systems." Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp., January 1991. 21p.
Abstract: The article reviews the military interests that created the diversity of laser systems, describes some of the more significant developments, and discusses some of the military lasers that can be expected in the future. Military interests in laser systems has been concentrated in four general areas: laser rangefinders and target designators; directed energy weapons (DEWs); laser radar; and laser communications. The nature of this interest is, for the most part, significantly different from that in the commercial world. This does not mean there are no commercial spinoffs of military laser technology. DoD funding, as we will discuss in this article, has enabled significant laser systems to be advanced from laboratory curiosities to reliable and relatively inexpensive commercial successes.
REPORT NUMBER: RAND-P-7704
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB-93-142230

Grotz, T. "Development of Particle Beam Weapons Based on Nikola Tesla?s Design of 1937." Craig, CO: Tesla Corp., 1991. In: IECEC-91. Proceedings of the 26^th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Boston, MA, 4-9 August 1991. p. 410-415. vol. 4.
Abstract: The author detailed the design of Telsa?s particle beam weapon system and described current experiments presently being funded by the US Department of Defense. Tesla?s invention was simply a particle beam weapon, which he proposed in 1937. It used electrostatic propulsion techniques and novel methods of generating and controlling high voltages. Similar devices are being developed today by the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) and the US Army Strategic Defense Command. The successful carrying out of the plan involves a number of more or less important improvements., but the principal ones among these area the following: a new form of high vacuum tube open to the atmosphere; provisions for imparting to a minute particle an extremely high charge; a new terminal of relatively small dimensions and enormous potential; and an electrostatic generator on a new principle and of very great power. These devices and methods of operation are explained.

"GTA (Ground Test Accelerator) Phase 1: Baseline Design Report." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. August 1986. 436p.
Abstract: The national Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) program has two objectives: to provide the necessary basis for a discriminator/weapon decision by 1992, and to develop the technology in stages that lead ultimately to a neutral particle beam weapon. The ground test accelerator (GTA) is the test bed that permits the advancement of the state-of-the-art under experimental conditions in an integrated automated system mode. An intermediate goal of the GTA program is to support the Integrated Space Experiments, while the ultimate goal is to support the 1992 decision. The GTA system and each of its major subsystems are described, and project schedules and resource requirements are provided.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-86-2775
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-007838

Gullickson, Richard L. "Directed Energy Space Experiments for Strategic Defense." In: EASCON 87; Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Electronics and Aerospace Systems Conference, Washington, DC, October 14-16, 1987. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 1987, p. 33-42.
Abstract: Experiments in space are necessary to validate the technologies developed in SDIO?s directed energy programs. High energy lasers, neutral particle beams, relay/mission mirrors, and ATP (acquisition, tracking, pointing) systems are being developed for space operation. Laboratory demonstrations with these technologies are a necessary but not a sufficient condition upon which to base system development decisions. By the early 90's, SDIO plans to have conducted experiments in space on each of these key directed energy technologies.

Guo, Theodore C. and Wendy W. Guo. "Transient Interaction of Electromagnetic Pulses in Dielectrics and Microwave Biophysics." Final report. 1 June 1985-30 May 1988. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America, Dept. of Physics, 12 May 1988. 70p.
Abstract: Due to recent progress in developing equipment that can generate short microwave and millimeter wave pulses, there has been an increasing proliferation of microwave pulse transmitters, some with short pulse width (0.1 microsecond) and extremely high intensity (100-1000 megawatts). Microwave pulse transmitters are used extensively by the military for communication and remote control; using microwave pulses as directive energy weaponry and as means of transporting energy has also been contemplated. Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) are also emitted in nuclear blasts and from EMP simulators. All this production of microwave pulses affects the operation of military personnel in non-combat environment as well as in battle fields. Therefore minimizing microwave damage is central to successful operations of all military units. Understanding basic interactions between microwave pulses and dielectric materials will contribute greatly to the protection of human subjects from microwave damage and to the development of preventive measure.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A196 838

Gupta, Avanindra A. and Lawrence M. Germann. "Precision Pointing and Inertial Line-of-Sight Stabilization Using Fine-Steering Mirror, and Strap-Down Inertial Sensors." In: Guidance and Control 1989; Proceedings of the Annual Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference, Keystone, CO, February 4-8, 1989. San Diego, CA: Univelt, Inc., 1989, p. 325-336.
Abstract: In many space-based pointing and tracking applications, the pointing system must be stabilized using inertial references and the optical feedback signal is either unavailable or too low bandwidth, due to uncooperative targets or background clutter, to provide position reference to the pointing system. This paper presents results of the analyses and simulations for a pointing system configuration based on the body-fixed telescope concept to show that microradian-pointing, jitter system can be designed using inertial references from star trackers, accelerometers, and gyros for directed-energy weapons, surveillance, optical seekers, and laser communication.
AAS Paper 89-036

Guptia, Vijay. "Measurement of Interface Strength, Intrinsic Toughness and Their Dependence on Interfacial Segregants." Final Report. 31 March 1991- 15 September 1994. Hanover, NH: Thayer School of Engineering, 26 December 1994. 44p.
Abstract: This report discusses a novel laser spallation technique for measuring the tensile strength of planar thin film interfaces. In this technique, a laser-produced compressive stress pulse in the substrate, reflecting from the coating's free surface pulls the interface in tension and leads to its failure if the tensile amplitude is high enough. The interface stress is determined by recording the coating or substrate free-surface velocities using a Doppler interferometer. Interface strengths of several metal/ceramic, ceramic-ceramic and ceramic/polymer systems are summarized from our recent efforts. In addition, two breakthroughs, the first of a novel interferometer to record velocities from rough surfaces and the second of a technique to produce subnanosecond rise-time stress pulses with no asymptotic post-peak decay, are discussed which further allows the technique to be applied to rough thermal spray coatings and also to films as thin as 0.1 um. This technique is used to establish a fundamental strength-structure chemistry relationship for Nb/sapphire interfaces, with and without the interlayers of Cr and Sb. This allows the interface strengths to be controlled over a wide range, as required for realizing the strategy of deflecting impinging matrix cracks along the fiber/matrix interfaces so as to impart toughness in otherwise brittle composites. The required values of fiber/matrix interface toughness needed for crack deflection were obtained by using the method of dual singular equations. Finally, in a separate study, the short stress pulses are used to determine the dynamic response of laminates, and preliminary results are presented that show their potential in evaluating the damage in composites in a nondestructive mode
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A291 798

Haaland, C.M. "Shadow of Ground Zero." Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN: 1984. 22p. American Civil Defense Association Annual Meeting, Daytona Beach, FL. 15 November 1984.
Abstract: The history of the development of nuclear weapons starting with the detonation of the A-bombs on Japan is reviewed. An overview of nuclear weapon effects is presented. The effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP), initial nuclear radiation, thermal radiation and blast are discussed with reference to how people outside can survive when ground zero is only a few miles away.
REPORT NUMBER: CONF-84-111221
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-85-003505

Haas, Gary A. and James J. Spangler. "An Implementation of the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) on an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV)." Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Research Laboratory, March 1996. 30 p.
Abstract: This report describes the use of the Army's multiple integrated laser engagement system (MILES), as installed on an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), for a field training exercise with armored scouts of III Corps First Cavalry Division. The electronic circuitry interfacing the MILES to the UGV is described in detail. The report includes tutorial material about MILES and a brief description of Project Mustang.
REPORT NUMBER: ARL-TR-1062
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A308 456 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

Harkins, Richard M. "Target Voltage Response in Reaction to Laser Radiation." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1988. 73p.
Abstract: The five microsecond, 15 joule, pulsed CO2 Laser was used to irradiate polished 2024 aluminum targets. The target voltage response (TVR) was measured with respect to the incident laser radiation and showed a pulse width on the order of 30 nanoseconds. The voltage was measured at values form 22 to 140 volts with resistances varying form one ohm to two mega-ohms. The TVR was correlated to the emission and blow-off of electrons form the target surface and the possible ignition of a Laser Supported Detonation wave. The TVR, laser pulse, and flash associated with target surface breakdown were time correlated and shown to happen within the first 170 nanoseconds of the five microsecond laser pulse. Currents up to 500 amps were observed when the resistance to ground was reduced to less than 1 ohm. Also, the magnitude of the TVR was shown to be a function of background gas pressure.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A205 256

Hartmann, Francis X., et al. "Intense Laser-Matter Interactions. An Approach to Laser Driven Electronic and Nuclear Energy Transfer." Final report. October 1986-October 1987. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, August 1988. 61p.
Abstract: A semiclassical model treating the interaction of an intense laser field with a non-radiatively coupled system is developed. The model is applied to laser-electron-nuclear energy transfer in a simple single particle model. Results from an initial series of runs on an illustrative example, as reported in conferences and the open literature, are summarized. The work is of ultimate interest in excitation of low-energy nuclear transitions for isotope separation, examination of a laser triggered isotropic gamma-source, or, with extensions, laser damage studies.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-D-406
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A224 787

Hasti, D.E. "Endoatmospheric Propagation Experiments and Accelerator Development." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., 1987. 4p. SDIO/DARPA Services Annual Propagation Review, Monterey, CA. 29 September 1987.
Abstract: The RADLAC program encompasses high power electron beam propagation experiments and accelerator development, both for advanced propagation experiments and to develop compact accelerator options for future charged particle beam weapons (CPBW). Propagation experiments include conditioning cell and lead pulse stability (LPS) experiments on RADLAC II, and channel-tracking experiments on IBEX. The RIIM accelerator was used for two-pulse accelerator experiments to explore two-pulse configurations for RADLAC II. The ion focused regime (IFR) transported, recirculating linear accelerator (RLA) experiment is aimed at future CPBW compact accelerator development. This paper briefly outlines recent work in these areas
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-87-2341C, CONF-87-091468
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-000928

Hasti, D.E. "RADLAC Summary." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., 1986. 6p. In: DARPA Conference, Albuquerque, NM. 23 June 1986.
Abstract: RADLAC program activities are reviewed. The work is broadly categorized under lead pulse stability (LPS), channel tracking, and Recirculating Linear Accelerator (RLA) activities. In LPS activities, stable, open-air propoagation of the RADLAC-II beam was demonstrated over ranges longer than a Nordsieck length. These shots were coordinated with the activities of other experimenters measuring beam induced emissions, and demonstrated that RADLAC II could be fired on a predetermined schedule to allow numerous, coordinated, and geographically widespread measurements to be made. Since those experiments, improvements in the RADLAC II accelerator, ion focus regime (IFR) beam conditioning cells, and matching of the accelerator beam to those cells have produced a beam which should allow greater than 20 betatron wavelengths in a Nordsieck length and saturation of hose growth to be observed. Channel tracking activities have included continued hardware development on the RADLAC-II Module (RIIM) for pulse-to-pulse channel tracking, the design of a laser for conductivity channel tracking, and demonstration of a crude beam director for a high current beam. Codes which allow channel tracking simulations to be done have also been developed. Pulsed power and beam transport experiments on the Recirculating Linac have led to hardware and techniques which will allow demonstration of beam recirculation of a high current beam this year and a recirculating linear accelerator next year. These transport schemes and pulsed power developments can be extended to higher energies and a conceptual RLA for Navy charged particle beam weapon (CPBW) applications has been developed.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-86-1593C, CONF-86-061534
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-86-012946

Herrick, Dan, Jack Rodden and Paul Shirley. "End-to-End Control System Verification of the STARLAB Experiment." San Diego, CA: American Astronautical Society, Rocky Mountain Section, February 1990. 16p. Presented at the Annual Rocky Mountain Guidance and Control Conference, Keystone, Colorado, February 3-7, 1990.
Abstract: This paper describes an electro-optical tracking and beam control system simulation used to analyze the performance for the space shuttle based STARLAB experiment hardware. STARLAB is to provide an on orbit demonstration of acquisition, tracking and pointing (ATP) techniques critical to strategic defense directed energy concepts. In particular, a target booster will be optically tracked from launch to re-entry. This rocket will be instrumented to "score'1 how accurately a laser beam can be pointed by the experiment. This paper focuses on techniques used to predict on-orbit performance based on laboratory testing and simulations.
REPORT NUMBER: AAS-90-045
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A339 434

Herrmannsfeldt, W.B., A.M. Sessler and J.R. Alonso. "Proceedings of a Workshop on Applications of Accelerators." Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, CA, 31 January 1994. 84p. In Workshop on Applications of Accelerators, Stanford, CA, 1-2 December 1993.
Abstract: This document is a compilation of material collected as the results of a workshop, Applications of Accelerators, held at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1--2 December 1993. The material collected here has been edited for style and to minimize duplication. Footnotes will identify the original source of the material. We believe that the reader will find that this document has something for every interest. There are applications in the fields of health, food preservation, energy, environmental monitoring and protection, and industrial processing. Many of the examples discussed have already passed the demonstration stage. Most of the others are the subject of active accelerator research. Taken as a whole, the particle accelerator field contains a wealth of application opportunities, some already in use, and many more ready to be exploited.
REPORT NUMBER: SLAC-430, LBL-35023, CONF-93-1248
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-94-008435

Heyse, Mark W., James B. Cornette, and Jere L. Brown. "An Investigation of Electromagnetic Launcher Repeatability." Final Report. March 1991 ? April 1992. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Laboratory, July 1992. 13p.
Abstract: Electromagnetic launcher (EML) performance repeatability has been identified as a potential development issue for several years. Investigation of this issue has been difficult because an EML that is powered on a relatively continuous basis to provide long duration operation has not been available. A battery charged capacitor power system has enabled long duration, 6 to 7 seconds, EML experiments. This paper provides a summary of an experiment to investigate EML launch to launch performance consistency. A series of 8 ten-shot bursts, each separated by 15 to 30 minutes, performed in a single day using a single set of bore materials is the subject of this paper.
REPORT NUMBER: WL-TR-92-009
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A254 339

Hietala, V.M et. al. "Optical Generation of Radio-Frequency Power." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., November 1994. 38p.
Abstract: An optical technique for high-power radio-frequency (RF) signal generation is described. The technique uses a unique photodetector based on a traveling-wave design driven by an appropriately modulated light source. The traveling-wave photodetector (TWPD) exhibits simultaneously a theoretical quantum efficiency approaching 100 % and a very large electrical bandwidth. Additionally, it is capable of dissipating the high-power levels required for the RF generation technique. The modulated light source is formed by either the beating together of two lasers or by the direct modulation of a light source. A system example is given which predicts RF power levels of 100's of mW's at millimeter wave frequencies with a theoretical ''wall-plug'' efficiency approaching 34%.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-94-2761
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-95-005276

"High-Power Microwave Development in Russia." Ottawa (Ontario), Canada: Department of National Defence, March 1995. 12p. In: AGARD, High Power Microwaves (HPM), Volume 1. 12p.
Abstract: This is a survey of Russian research and development in high-power microwave (HPM) sources. It emphasizes those sources of nanoseconds pulse duration time which have potential weapon as well as radar applications. It does not cover the whole range of Russian HPM research and development but concentrates on those aspects which may lead to military applications. Russian investigators have achieved many world firsts in HPM generation; for example, a multiwave Cerenkov generator with a peak output power of 15 gigawatts. Their successes are based on their impressive capability in pulsed power technology which has yielded high-current generators of terawatt peak power. They have transformed the energy of these currents into microwave radiation using tubes of both conventional and novel designs exploiting relativistic electron beams. Recently, the development of high-current mini-accelerators has moved relativistic electron-beam (REB) HPM generation out of the laboratory and enabled the development of deployable military systems with peak powers in the gigawatt range. As a result, they now see development of a REB-based radar systems as one of the most promising directions in radar systems. Details of such a system are described and the implications for HPM weapons are considered.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N96-138623

"High Power Microwave Hazard Facing Smart Ammunitions." Diehl G.m.b.H. und Co., Roethanbach (Germany). Optoelectronics Division, March 1995. 12p. In: AGARD, High Power Microwaves (HPM), Volume 1. 12 p.
Abstract: The battle field of the present and even more the one in future will be characterized by the use of weapon systems with a high degree of electronics, computers, and sensors, designed and built to keep not only the man out of the loop. But the higher the technology used for smart weapon systems, the more these systems are endangered by numerous sources of hazard. One of those sources is the threat caused by induced or natural electromagnetic fields. These threat factors can be generated by natural, civil and military environment. In principle there are two main applications which must be considered in military applications: Firstly, weapon systems, that is, high power microwave sources as well as intelligent electromagnetic radiation systems to defeat ammunition on the battle field and secondly, the hardening of the own smart ammunition systems and missiles against the interference sources created by the different types of electromagnetic fields. This report will discuss the possible electromagnetic coupling effects on smart ammunition and missiles and their typical interference caused on the electronics and sensor level. Real time 6-DOF simulations show the flight mission which may be compromised depending on the coupled electromagnetic fields. The German MOD has established a research program where smart ammunitions with different seeker systems are investigated in respect of the coupling effects on smart ammunition caused by high power microwaves. This program considers all available resources and know how in Germany. The systems are investigated by analytical, numerical, and experimental methods with passive and activated missiles.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N96-138730

Hoffert, Martin I. "Innovative Energy Conversion Schemes for Space Based Strategic Defense Systems." New York: New York University, Department of Applied Science, January 1988. 31p.
Abstract: A major objective of the Strategic Defense Initiative research program is the development of technologies capable of destroying fleets of ICBM's in the boost phase of their mission by directed energy weapons, perhaps based on a constellation of orbiting satellites or Battle Stations. A strategic defense system may therefore be viewed as a series of energy conversion steps terminating in the deposition of a "lethal" energy flux on ballistic targets above the sensible atmosphere, together with an information-handling system for tracking, aiming and finding at these targets. Although these are stringent requirements, a number of potentially effective strategic defense concepts are under evaluation employing fleets of satellites at 200-1000 km altitudes in near-polar orbits. Baseline power requirements for these satellites which have been cited are continuous onboard power at the 10 kW level, and intermittent power at the 10-1000 MW level for perhaps tens of seconds when directed energy devices are energized. Despite their high power requirements, chemical energy sources for directed energy bursts appear feasible because the durations are short. But the more prosaic 100 kW level housekeeping power cannot be generated chemically for durations longer than a few days without unacceptably large mass to orbit, or unless the fuel is regenerated by an external energy source.
REPORT NUMBER: NYU/DAS-88-001
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A338 958

Hoffman, Terance J. "Experimental and Analytical Analysis of the Response of a Smart Beam to Rate Feedback." Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Force Inst. of Tech., School of Engineering, June 1993. 139p.
Abstract: A smart beam with embedded sensors and actuators was analyzed and tested. The smart beam studied was constructed from graphite and epoxy with piezoceramic actuators and NiTiNOL sensors embedded. It was mounted vertically and subjected to transverse dynamic loading at the free end. Analytic expressions for the open loop and closed loop response (using strain rate feedback control) of the beam (including internal damping) to external forcing were derived in detail. Experimental testing of the beam, verified the accuracy of the predicted open loop response.... Smart beams, Piezoceramic actuators and NiTiNOL sensors.
REPORT NUMBER: AFIT/GA/ENY/93J-01
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A266 544

Hong, Xingliu, Sangchuan Jiang and Zhiyong Wei. "Star Wars and Beam Weapons." National Air Intelligence Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. 21 September 1995. 463p. Translation of Xingdiu Dazhan Yu Shuliuwuqu, Lanzhou University (China), 1-5, March 1989.
Abstract: No abstract available.
REPORT NUMBER: NAIC-ID (RS) T-0131-95
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A300 665

Hoppler, D.E. "Department of Energy Strategic Defense Initiative Programs: Potential Programmatic and Facility Impacts Due to a Prospective Defense and Space Treaty." McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corp., 10 May 1990. 35p.
Abstract: The objective of the following paper is to provide the DOE an analysis of the potential, but reasonably expected, impacts on DOE SDI-related programs resulting from alternative Defense & Space Treaty/Protocol outcomes. DOE facility impacts due to the implementation of Predictability and Confidence-Building Measures currently under negotiation will also be examined.
REPORT NUMBER: DOE-DP-50066-T-6
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-012717

Hughes, R.J. and W.B. Cottingame. "Geomagnetic Trapping and Prompt Detection of Protons from an Orbital Neutral Particle Beam." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. October 1991. 34p.
Abstract: Copious quantities of protons are emitted during the operation of a neutral-particle-beam (NPB) accelerator system. If the system is operated in Earth orbit, these protons have the potential for becoming trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. In this paper, the evolution of the proton population at short times after injection from an NPB platform of modest capability operated at low altitudes and low latitudes is studied. In particular, protons that are injected below the intense proton radiation belts and that have lifetimes long enough to allow them to survive many drift periods are considered. The probability of intercepting these trapped protons and the magnitude of the associated flux within a few drift periods of injection are estimated. The possibility of monitoring the space environment for the characteristic signals of such trapped protons is discussed as a method for detecting the operation of an NPB in low-Earth orbit.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-12150-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-000659

Iversen, S.G. et al. "Charged Particle Beam Divergence Measurements Using Transition Radiation." Goleta, CA: EG and G Energy Measurements, Inc., Santa Barbara Operations, 1987. 4p. In: Particle Accelerator Conference, Washington, DC, 16 March 1987.
Abstract: Developed is single and double foil techniques to measure current density, energy, and divergence of intense relativistic charged particle beams from the transition radiation produced at a foil-vacuum interface. Single foil optical transition radiation (OTR) measurements have been made using a high intensity beam of 10 to 25 MeV electrons from the EG and G/EM linac, in which the entire OTR distribution is captured with an imaging system. Here we describe the results of similar experiments utilizing a two-foil interferometer, which has potential for making high precision energy and emittance measurements of very cold beams.
REPORT NUMBER: LA/UR-87-1967, CONF-87030223-2
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-011780