Directed Energy Weapons: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports issued with distribution limitations (e.g. FOUO or DOD only) due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution references only. Abstracts were taken from various databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the author of this bibliography.

Dahlbacka, Glen and John Guillory. "Laser Induced EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) at 10.6 Microns." Final report. January 1984-June 1986. Alameda, CA: Plasma Research Corp., May 1987. 137p.
Abstract: An extensive experimental session was analyzed (1200 shots) to investigate the behavior of Laser Induced Electromagnetic Pulse (LIEMP) parametrically CO2 laser intensity within a decade of 10 GW/sq cm 2 and with air pressure from 1 microtorr to a toor. Measured electric fields on a ground plane and current measured 3 cm from the target were compared to theory. One hundred eV suprathermal electrons (1.6 keV maximum energy) create the LIEMP after laser light, self-focussed a few fold, is resonantly absorbed. The model predicts electric field scaling as Intensity (1/2) as observed, but current scaling is not reproduced. The electric fields are no threat for CO2 and shorter wavelengths, but may pose a threat for millimeter waves. Pressure dependencies are reproduced with classical energy loss in gasses.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A183 892

Dana, R.A. "Conceptual Design of a Space-Based Multimegawatt MHD Power System, Task 1 Topical Report; volume 1: Technical Discussion." Pittsburgh, PA: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Advanced Energy Systems Division, January 1988. 214p.
Abstract: This report presents the system requirements and design guidelines for the space based multimegawatt MHD power system conceptual design, and comprises Volume 2 of the topical report describing the Task 1 MHD Power System Conceptual Design and Development Plan. In the interest of completeness, this report includes a summary description of the MHD power system concept with the functional requirements, design scope and design objectives. Then subsequent sections present the system requirements including operational requirements, space platform/weapon system interfaces, subsystem interfaces, and design guidelines. The analytical methods used for system analysis and parametric studies are also included. A description of the MHD power system, in the standard data table format for multimegawatt space power systems, is included in the Appendices.
REPORT NUMBER: WAESD-TR-88-0002
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A338 996

Davis, Bill. "SDI and the Winds of Change." White paper. Washington, DC: Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, 1993. 12p.
Abstract: An overview of the beginnings of the SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative) program during the Reagan years, the changing goals it has pursued as it progressed, and suggestions on the directions that it should take in the future.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A338 822

Davis, William H. "Rail Circuit Augmentation." Picatinny Arsenal, NJ: Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, Fire Support Armament Center, May 1991. 19p.
Abstract: A concept for an augmented railgun barrel and integrated projectile/armature system is presented. The system makes use of the rail geometry to expose the augmenting rails to the bore, and incorporates dual tandem armatures in the launch package. Benefits include reduced current and power required to launch a given mass and a modest reduction in sabot mass due to creation of multiple tension and compression regions resulting from the use of dual armatures. Radial and axial plasma confinement techniques may be required to take advantage to systems benefits. Application to an antiarmor mission is proposed.
REPORT NUMBER: ARFSD-TR-91-008
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A234 944

Deb, D et al. "Beam Switch Tube Modulator Technology for Plasma Ion Implantation Broad Industrial Applications." In: Digest of Technical Papers. Ninth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. Albuquerque, NM, June 21-23, 1993. p. 333-336, vol. 1.
Abstract: Pulse power, directed energy beams and high temperature plasmas have for the past 30 years focused the requirements of their supporting technologies and the creative abilities of the community toward goals, which at least for now, seem to recede into the distant future. Yet the maturity and many successes of the supporting sciences and technologies are now poised to produce significant impact in the more traditional industrial world as well as daily life. One such example is the case of the recently invented plasma ion implantation (PII) process, which is currently under intense basic and industrial engineering investigation and development. The critical component of PII for broad industrial utilization is the modulator that applies the high voltage pulse to the workpiece. A modulator technology assessment and selection is carried out. The requirements of the PII process favor the selection of a hard-tube modulator. A hard-tube technology assessment and selection is carried out. The performance, physical operation and potential enhancements of Litton beam switch tubes L5012 and L5097 are discussed in connection with the requirements of the emerging plasma ion implantation industrial modulator technology.

"Dense Plasma Jet Propagation for Endoatmospheric Ballistic Missile Defense." Final report. 1 October 1986-30 June 1988. Alexandria, VA: R and D Associates, Washington Research Laboratory, June 1988. 79p.
Abstract: A variety of schemes have been proposed for delivering lethal amounts of energy and/or momentum to targets such as missiles and high speed aircraft. One class of technology involves the use of high speed plasmas. The primary attraction of such technology is the possibility of utilizing relatively compact accelerators and electrical power systems that could allow highly mobile and agile operation from rocket or aircraft platforms, or in special ordnance. This research has been developing the experimental conditions necessary to achieve reasonable comparison with theoretical predictions for plasma jet propagation in the atmosphere. Time-resolved measurements have been made of high speed argon plasma jets penetrating a helium background (simulating xenon jets propagating into air). Basic radial confinement of the jet has been observed by photography and spectroscopy and structures in the flow field resemble those predicted by numerical calculations. Results from our successful initial experiments have been used to design improved diagnostic procedures and arcjet source characteristics for further experiments.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-89-0720
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A208 655

"Description of the Proposed Action and Alternatives National Test Bed Communications Network." Santa Barbara, CA: Science Applications International.
Abstract: The President's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) announced on March 23, 1983, initiated an effective ballistic missile defense system. Subsequently, the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was established to plan, organize, coordinate, direct, and enhance the research and testing of strategic defense technologies. Future implementation of a strategic defense system would be based, in large part, on the SDIO research program. The National Test Bed (NTB) and National Test Facility(NTF) are key elements of the SDIO's plans to conduct tests and experiments. The purpose of this document is to provide the SDIO and NTBJPO with a description of the communications system required to link the network of NTB facilities to the NTF. This DOPAA was prepared as part of the SDIO Environmental Impact Analysis Process (EIAP) described in the SDIO EIAP framework document of September 1987.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A268 569

Dettmer, J.W. "Space Integrated Controls Experiment (SPICE) Program." Final report. February 1989-March 1995. Albuquerque, NM: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Inc., May 1995. 78p.
Abstract: The objective of the SPICE program was to demonstrate improvement in precision pointing, tracking, and retargeting by integration of active isolation, active and passive structural control, advanced materials, active optics, and adaptive control. Available finding allowed only the implementation of the active isolation and active structural control. A linear, ftill-size, and well-characterized precision test-bed was developed to represent a space-based laser beam director structure. Key SPICE subsystem developments included: (1) an optical sensing system to calculate the optical line-of-sight; (2) proof mass actuators of unprecedented stroke and force capability to deliver the control forces to the structure; (3) a finite element model that accurately modeled the 25 flexible structural modes; and (4) a robust hybrid high-authority/low-authority global control system. A series of tests culminated with the attainment of repeatable and robust attenuation of the optical line-of-sight jitter by 77:1 (six independent disturbances) and 128:1 (three independent disturbances) in the band 5 to 5OO% with little spillover into unregulated degrees of freedom. Methods by which system identification and control system design and implementation can be partially automated were investigated in the latter stages of the program.
REPORT NUMBER: PL-TR-95-1035
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A297 200 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

Dettmer, J.W. "Zenith Star Support Experiment Design." Final report. July-November 1990. Albuquerque, NM: Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Inc., May 1995. 124p
Abstract: Experiments are proposed that can be performed on the SPICE structure in support of the Zenith Star Experiments. The fourteen experimental proposals fall into four categories: isolation of a space beam expander from on-board disturbances, evaluation of pointing and tracking systems, uses of advanced materials and passive damping, and characterization of disturbances. At least four experiments are proposed in each category. Those rated most valuable by Zenith Star personnel include: advanced composite materials studies, admittance modeling of a passive structure, and further research into the capabilities of the Space Active Vibration Isolation System (SAVI) .
REPORT NUMBER: PL-TR-94-1131
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A297 331 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

Dimiduk, David, et al. "The High Altitude Balloon Experiment Demonstration of Acquisition, Tracking and Pointing Technologies (HABE-ATP)." Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Laboratory, 1995. In: AGARD MSP Symposium (1^st) on Guidance and Control for Future Air Defense Systems Held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 18 May 1994. 12p. [AGARD CP-555/N95-32123]
Abstract: The High Altitude Balloon Experiment Demonstration of Acquisition, Tracking and Pointing Technologies (HABE-ATP) is a system built around balloon-borne payload which is carried to a nominal 26-km altitude. The goal is laser tracking thrusting theater and strategic missiles, and then pointing a surrogate laser weapon beam, with performance levels and a timeline traceable to operational laser weapon systems requirements. This goal leads to an experiment system design which combines hardware from many technology areas: an optical telescope and IR sensors; an advanced angular inertial reference; a flexible, multi-level of actuation digital control system; digital tracking processors which incorporate real-time image analysis and a pulsed, diode-pumped solid state tracking laser. The system components have been selected to meet the overall experiment goals of tracking unmodified boosters at 50-200 km range. The ATP system on HABE must stabilize and control a relative line of sight between the platform and the unmodified target booster to a 1 microrad accuracy. The angular pointing reference system supports both open loop and closed loop track modes; GPS provides absolute position reference. The control system which positions the line of sight for the ATP system must sequence through accepting a state vector handoff, closed-loop passive IR acquisition, passive IR intermediate fine track, active fine track, and then finally aimpoint determination and maintenance modes. Line of sight stabilization to fine accuracy levels is accomplished by actuating wide bandwidth fast steering mirrors (FSM's). These control loops off-load large-amplitude errors to the outer gimbal in order to remain within the limited angular throw of the FSM's. The SWIR acquisition and MWIR intermediate fine track sensors (both PtSi focal planes) image the signature of the rocket plume. After Hard Body Handover (HBHO), active fine tracking is conducted with a visible focal plane viewing the laser-illuminated target rocket body. The track and fire control performance must be developed to the point that an aimpoint can be selected, maintained, and then track performance scored with a low-power 'surrogate' weapon beam. Extensive instrumentation monitors not only the optical sensors and the video data, but all aspects of each of the experiment subsystems such as the control system, the experiment flight vehicle, and the tracker. Because the system is balloon-borne and recoverable, it is expected to fly many times during its development program.
REPORT NUMBER: PL-94-LI-5

"Directed Energy Weapons Testing Raises Issues." Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Army Test and Evaluation Command, 20 March 1997. 4p.
Abstract: Testing directed energy weapons (DEWs) represents a special challenge to the 21st Century tester. Continuing research and development of lasers and high-power microwave devices drives a need for the test community to create the test technology needed to evaluate these new devices. As in other types of weaponry, the tester must devise testing procedures for the two aspects (1) measuring the effects of the weapons directed against a threat target, and (2) measuring the resistive characteristics of our equipment to attack from a DEW. To appreciate the tester's challenge, let's look at the three categories of DEW's (1) lasers, (2) high-power microwave (HPM), and (3) charged particle beam (CPB) devices, and some related test issues.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A323 342

Dockery, G.D. "A Study of the Realizability and Performance of Focused-Wave Pulses." In: Radar 92; Proceedings of the International Conference, Brighton, UK, 12-13 October 1992. London, UK: IEE, 1992. p. 126-129.
Abstract: An investigation is conducted of Ziolkowski's (1989) simulation of EM directed-energy pulse trains (EDEPTs), in the context of diffraction limits. Simulation results are compared with those obtained for a single Gaussian pulse of similar frequency content. Possible applications of EDEPTs technology encompass high-resolution radar, high energy weapons, remote sensing, and secure communications. Attention is given to array-launched EDEPTs.

Donatelli, Delia E. "Is the Weaponization of Space Inevitable?" Washington, DC: Industrial College of the Armed Forces, April 1997. 68p.
Abstract: Development of technologies for directed energy and kinetic energy space weapons systems has progressed to the point where the United States could demonstrate concepts within 5-10 years if adequate funding is provided. While Congress debates whether such weapons are needed and should be funded, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Commander in Chief of United States Space Command take the position that weapons in space are necessary and inevitable. They view space as the medium where the next step in the natural evolution of military operations will occur. Operation Desert Storm emphasized the importance of space assets to US military operations, a conclusion as obvious to the rest of the world as to the US. This implies a vulnerability, noted in the recent Army after Next wargame held at the Army War College which could be exploited by any individual, nation, or state wishing to target the US. This paper addresses the need for space weapons and issues and concerns relating to their deployment. It begins with definitions of space weapon and weaponization of space. This is followed by an overview of the evolving global environment, including a summary of space activities and stakeholders. The advantages and liabilities of space weapons are discussed within the context of national interests, from military, political, and economic perspectives. Alternatives for addressing needs served by space weapons are considered.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A331 513

Eckhardt, Wilfried O. et al. "Ground-Based High Power Microwave Decoy Discrimination System." Technical Progress Report, no. 2. 1 January ? 31 December 1987. Malibu, CA: Hughes Research Laboratories, 23 December 1987. 104p.
Abstract: The objectives of the subject contract are to conduct a detailed investigation of the feasibility of a ground-based high-power microwave decoy discrimination system to explore key technology items required for the implementation of such a system, and to design a prototype system. If an effective defense against a massive strategic missile attack is to become feasible, one of the important problems that must be solved is to devise a system capable of reliable discrimination between decoys and reentry vehicles. In principle, high-power microwaves (HPMs) can be expected to provide an effective discrimination mechanism. The most important features of the concept are (1) all aspects of the system, with the possible exception of long-range sensors, are ground-based, yet there is an all-weather capability; (2) HPM/target interactions can be studied in ground-based experiments; and (3) the system hardware is expected to be highly modular and thus amenable to upgrading in several stages, based on successful testing.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A189 311

Edenburn, M.W. "Reference Concepts for a Space-Based Hydrogen-Oxygen Combustion, Turboalternator, Burst Power System." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., July 1990. 40p.
Abstract: This report describes reference concepts for a hydrogen-oxygen combustion, turboalternator power system that supplies power during battle engagement to a space-based, ballistic missile defense platform. All of the concepts are ''open''; that is, they exhaust hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and water vapor into space. We considered the situation where hydrogen is presumed to be free to the power system because it is also needed to cool the platform's weapon and the situation where hydrogen is not free and its mass must be added to that of the power system. We also considered the situation where water vapor is an acceptable exhaust and the situation where it is not. The combination of these two sets of situations required four different power generation systems, and this report describes each, suggests parameter values, and estimates masses for each of the four. These reference concepts are expected to serve as a "baseline" to which other types of power systems can be compared, and they are expected to help guide technology development efforts in that they suggest parameter value ranges that will lead to optimum system designs.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-89-0423
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-016692/AD-A339 004

Edeskuty, F.J. and W.F. Stewart. "Preliminary Description of the Ground Test Accelerator Cryogenic Cooling System." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 1988. 15p. In: ASME Energy-Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition and 7th Intersociety Cryogenic Symposium, Houston, TX. 22 January 1989.
Abstract: The Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) under construction at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is part of the Neutral Particle Beam Program supported by the Strategic Defense Initiative Office. The GTA is a full-sized test facility to evaluate the feasibility of using a negative ion accelerator to produce a neutral particle beam (NPB). The NPB would ultimately be used outside the earth's atmosphere as a target discriminator or as a directed energy weapon. The operation of the GTA at cryogenic temperature is advantageous for two reasons: first, the decrease of temperature caused a corresponding decrease in the rf heating of the copper in the various units of the accelerator, and second, at the lower temperature the decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient also provides greater thermal stability and consequently, better operating stability for the accelerator. This paper discusses the cryogenic cooling system needed to achieve these advantages.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-88-2498, CONF-890102-2
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-016222

Eliezer, S. and I. Gilath. "Spallation and Dynamic Fracture as an Effect of Laser Induced Shock Waves in Carbon Based Composite Materials." Israel Atomic Energy Commission, Yavne Soreq Nuclear Research Center, October 1989. 47 p.
Abstract: A high irradiance single beam short pulsed Nd:glass laser was used to generate shock waves in carbon-carbon and carbon epoxy composites. Dynamic brittle fracture at hypervelocity impact conditions was observed as a result of reflected shock waves as tensile waves from the back surface of samples. Successive stages of damage from incipient spallation to complete sample perforation were obtained by increasing gradually the laser energy. The thermo mechanical damage on the front surface as a result of laser interaction with the target material and the mechanical damage at the back surface as a result of shock wave reflection were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The failure properties of the carbon composites were related to the processing of densification and graphitization mode. While the failure properties for carbon epoxy composites were related to impact direction versus fiber direction. A comparison was made between spall properties of carbon epoxy composites with aluminum and iron. A new experimental method was developed to calculate the attenuation of laser generated shock waves. This technique enables also the evaluation of the laser induced spall pressure in different materials.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A216 540

Elizondo, Juan M. "Novel High Voltage Vacuum Surface Flashover Insulator Technology" In: Digest of Technical Papers. Ninth IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. Albuquerque, NM, June 21-23, 1993. p. 257-260, vol. 1.
Abstract: Vacuum has been an attractive choice as insulation for high voltages due to the absence of free charge carriers. However, once a solid insulator is introduced to support the high voltage conductors the insulation ability is decreased compared to that of pure vacuum. Improvement of the insulation strength of insulators is required to increase the capabilities of pulsed power systems. Electrically stressed insulators often fail in vacuum due to dielectric breakdown. The author describes an experiment to test the HV vacuum and develop the technology, and to test the LV vacuum and to take measurements of the microstack surface charge properties.

Emergy, Mark H. "Start-Up Imprinting and Shock Dynamics in Laser-Target Interaction." Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, 10 December 1992. 27p.
Abstract: Improved uniformity of the laser for-al spot profile is a necessary criterion for the success of high intensity laser fusion and to improve the quality of data from moderate intensity laser driven shock experiments in solids. Recently developed laser smoothing techniques rely on both temporal smoothing and thermal smoothing to produce uniform ablation pressures on the target surface. Thermal smoothing is not effective during the low intensity portion of a laser pulse and the resultant shock structure mirrors the residual laser nonuniformities. The impact of the first (nonuniform) shock can be diminished by using foam layers, a precursor flash, shallow angles of incidence, and by adiabatically compressing the target with a temporally long, slowly rising laser pulse.
REPORT NUMBER: NRL/MR/6440-92-7174
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A261 384

Emery, Mark H. and John H. Gardner. "Shock-Free Acceleration of Laser Driven Targets." Interim report. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, 10 December 1992. 15p.
Abstract: The ability of recently developed laser smoothing techniques to produce uniform ablation pressures is strongly contingent on the degree of thermal smoothing. Thermal smoothing is not effective at reducing residual laser nonuniformities during the start up phase of a shaped, reactor-like laser pulse. The impact of the first shock can be diminished by adiabatically compressing the target with a temporally long, slowly rising laser pulse. This memorandum report discusses an elastic-plastic laser-matter-interaction model and shows that a shock-free, induced spatial incoherence-smoothed laser pulse can accelerate a target to nearly the conditions required for uniform implosion.
REPORT NUMBER: NRL/MR/6440-92-7170
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A261 327

Eminhizer, Charles R. "Primer on beam Optics." La Jolla, CA: Physical Dynamics Inc., 27 September 1993. 113p.
Abstract: This is a primer on beam optics with emphasis on neutral particle beam (NPB) optical devices. It explains how the motion of charged particles in magnetic and electric fields is calculated and how devices (primarily magnets) are designed, used and combined to make a beam transport system.
REPORT NUMBER: PD-LJ-87-350R
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A338 616

Engheta, N., F.C. Yang and K.S.H. Lee. "Variational Approach to Developing Relationships Among Wire Currents in a Cable Bundle." Final report. January 1983-March 1984. Santa Monica, CA: Dikewood, November 1985. 205p.
Abstract: A deterministic approach based on the variational principle is employed to derive the relationships among the bulk cable current and its individual wire currents. These relationships can be utilized to develop as well as to verify pin specifications of a Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) via direct-drive tests, either onboard an aircraft or in a laboratory. A set of canonical problems involving 2-wire cable over a ground plane is studied in detail to check the derived relationships and to analyze common- and differential-mode current distributions under various conditions. New experiments are suggested to verify as well as to improve the results reported herein.
REPORT NUMBER: AF-WL-TR-84-97
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A162 964

Fang, Qiwan and Xaohui Zhang. "Spatial Distribution of the Threshold Beam Spots of Laser Weapons Simulators." Translation of Chinese Journal of Lasers (China), v. 9, no. 5, p. 363-370, 1992. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Foreign Aerospace Science and Technology Center, 8 September 1993. 21p.
Abstract: This paper was based on the transmission theory of elliptical Gaussian beam fluxes in deriving some transmission equations for the threshold beam spots of laser weapon simulators, in order to revise and expand the expressions for the threshold beam spots, their maximum range, the extinction function and the irradiance in AD-A102276, and also in this paper, verification test were carried out.
REPORT NUMBER: FASTC-ID (RS) T-0099-93
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A269 987

Fessler, E.A. "A Juridical Analysis of Directed-Energy Weapons in the Earth-Space Arena." Masters Thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, September 30, 1978. 215p.
Abstract: An intense arms competition between the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, has been the preeminent challenge to the maintenance of minimum public order since the close of World War II. Through both bilateral arms control negotiations between the superpowers and a variety of related multilateral agreements involving additional state participants, the minimum public order system may recently have been strengthened. Premised upon the assumption that minimum public order is enhanced if strategically significant instruments of coercion are controlled, these initiatives have sought to prohibit or limit arms through restraints upon the size, type, use and even areas of deployment of major weapons systems. These initiatives have assumed that such restraints serve the minimum public order by reducing incentives to compete in research, development and production of advanced weapons of mass destruction. While these efforts have provided at least a minimal restraint on the existing instruments of mass destruction, they have not served particularly well to discourage overall arms competition between major participant states. Evidence is mounting that the specter of a terrifying new mode of warfare designed to function in an expanded earth-space arena has arisen on the technological horizon.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A073 603

Founds, David "Joint Optics Structures Experiment (JOSE)." Kirtland AFB, NM: Air Force Weapons Laboratory, June 1987. 12 p. In: NASA-Langley Research Center Abstract: The objectives of the JOSE program is to develop, demonstrate, and evaluate active vibration suppression techniques for Directed Energy Weapons (DEW). DEW system performance is highly influenced by the line-of-sight (LOS) stability and in some cases by the wave front quality. The missions envisioned for DEW systems by the Strategic Defense Initiative require LOS stability and wave front quality to be significantly improved over any current demonstrated capability. The Active Control of Space Structures (ACOSS) program led to the development of a number of promising structural control techniques. DEW structures are vastly more complex than any structures controlled to date. They will be subject to disturbances with significantly higher magnitudes and wider bandwidths, while holding higher tolerances on allowable motions and deformations. Meeting the performance requirements of the JOSE program requires upgrading the ACOSS techniques to meet new more stringent requirements, the development of requisite sensors and actuators, improved control processors, highly accurate system identification methods, and the integration of hardware and methodologies into a successful demonstration.
ACCESSION NUMBER: N87-24497

Fraas, A.P. "Effects of Directed and Kinetic Energy Weapons on Spacecraft." Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN. December 1986. 75p.
Abstract: The characteristics of the various directed energy beams are reviewed, and their damaging effects on typical materials are examined for a wide range of energy pulse intensities and durations. Representative cases are surveyed, and charts are presented to indicate regions in which damage to spacecraft structures, particularly radiators for power plants, would be likely. The effects of kinetic energy weapons, such as bird-shot, are similarly examined. The charts are then applied to evaluate the effectiveness of various measures designed to reduce the vulnerability of spacecraft components, particularly nuclear electric power plants.
REPORT NUMBER: ORNL/TM-9814
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-006015

Frazier, S.J. et al. "Assessing Aircraft Survivability to High Frequency Transient Threats." Patuxent River, MD: Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, 1994. 7p.
Abstract: Throughout the United States Department of Defense (DoD), the need exists to assess and characterize aircraft system survivability to High Frequency (HF) electromagnetic (EM) transient threats. These threats include the HF Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and other ultra wideband (UWB) transient environments. The Navy recognizes this need and is taking the initiative to investigate the feasibility of a realistic, low-cost test methodology to assess, characterize and validate aircraft survivability to threats that may range from a few hundred Kilohertz to the low Gigahertz region. The proposed Navy technical approach is based on established system-level RDTE technology using existing high frequency test laboratories and equipment. The approach will be validated using a combination of High Level Pulse (HLP) testing at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division Patuxent Rivers Horizontally Polarized Dipole (HPD) and Vertically Polarized Dipole (VPD) free-field EMP simulators, electromagnetic effects generating equipment to simulate the carrier shipboard environment free-field low-level continuous wave (LLCW) testing to acquire the stress response data, and wideband direct-drive tests to characterize system strength. The Navy is developing a new wideband (up to 1 GHz) direct-drive technology and waveform combination techniques using stress response data to develop worst-case stress envelopes to be used during the direct-drive tests.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A283 999

Freeman, B.L. "Mark 101 Flux Compression Generator: Development Progress." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 1989. 9p. In: International Conference on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation and Related Topics, Novosibirsk, USSR, 3 July 1989.
Abstract: The Mark 101 explosive flux compression generator is a line-initiated, helical generator that offers the possibility of a theoretical dL/dt greater than or equal to 0.5 omega. The design and initial tests were reported by Fowler, et al. and Freeman, et al. Subsequent to the early results, which demonstrated current gains of only approximately 1.2:1, the generator design was modified and now includes a low-density foam staging layer between the PBX 9501 explosive and the aluminum armature and a vinyl coating on the stator winding. This redesigned Mark 101 has an initial working inductance of 5.36 mu H and a load inductance of 0.60 mu H. The lossless current gain of this unit is 9.9:1, and the estimated practical gain is approximately 5.5. Experiments have been performed using SF6 and vacuum as the insulating media between the armature and stator. Measured current gains of approximately 5.0:1 have been achieved. The maximum measured dI/dt of approximately 1.2 times 10 sup 11 Amps/sec and V of approximately 62 kV were significantly less than expected during high-current tests. However, a case motion experiment has shown that the armature is probably disintegrating during the last few microseconds of the armature run. Thus, the configuration of the staging layer between the explosive and the armature has been the subject of study. The results of the generator tests are presented.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-89-2080, CONF-8907101-0
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-014298

Friebele, E.J. "Correlation of Single Mode Fiber Fabrication Factors and Radiation Response." Final report. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory, 28 February 1992. 149p.
Abstract: Fiber optic transmission systems, because of their extraordinary channel capacity and decreasing cost, are the preferred terrestrial transmission media of the nation's long distance, inter-city telecommunications infrastructure. Since the commercial telephone network forms the foundation for emergency communication in the event of a national crisis or emergency, additional requirements are placed on the fibers and components of this system. The network must remain operational in the face of such threats as loss of commercial power, disruption by natural causes, violation of physical security, and exposure to the effects of nuclear weapons, including electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and ionizing radiation from the delayed gamma component and fallout. The most stressing environment for the fiber consists of fallout subsequent to a nuclear attack since the long lengths of fiber can be potentially exposed to high total doses. The susceptibility of some types of commercially available fiber optic cable to optical darkening (and hence increased signal loss and bit error rate) from exposure to ionizing radiation raises serious questions about the survivability of such systems in the reconstitution phase of a nuclear conflict.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A247 301

Frost, David J. "Theory for a High Power Free Electron Laser and Tactical Applications." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1992. 78p.
Abstract: The free electron laser (FEL) shows potential as a source of coherent, high average power radiation. The achievement of high average power is one of the main topics of current FEL research. This thesis examines the Boeing Average Power Laser Experiment (APLE), whose main goal is to demonstrate the FEL's high average power capability for the first time. The experiment is in the design stage, with completion scheduled for 1996. The first part of this thesis presents a version of a conventional Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) system. The advantages of directed energy weapons, specifically the FEL, are also discussed. The remainder of this thesis examines APLE. Chapter V presents research on the oscillator, and Chapter VI deals with the amplifier. Research indicates the current APLE design is feasible and can meet its design goal. Suggestions are presented for optimizing the performance of the oscillator/amplifier system.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A255 161

"FY96 Advanced Weapons Technology Area Plan." Wright-Patterson, AFB, OH: Air Force Materiel Command, 1995. 31p.
Abstract: The Phillips Laboratory (PL) develops and transitions war-fighting technologies in three primary areas: space and missile systems, geophysics, and advanced weapons. This Technology Area Plan (TAP) addresses the third of these three responsibilities, Advanced Weapons. This Technology Area encompasses the development, demonstration, and transition of advanced weapons; the determination of the susceptibility of USAF systems to similar foreign threats; and the development of protection technology to enhance the survivability of USAF systems. On-going and planned R&D will lead to advanced weapon systems using high energy lasers, high power microwaves, high energy plasmas, and related capabilities such as high resolution optical imaging. Efforts in survivability assessment and protection technology involve the development of both hardening technology and the criteria for protecting USAF systems against directed energy weapons, space debris, and natural and enhanced space radiation.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A349 424

"FY97 Directed Energy Technology Area Plan." Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Laboratory, March 1997. 35p.
Abstract: The FY97 Directed Energy Technology Area Plan describes Phillips Laboratory's exploratory and advanced technology development strategy for high power laser weapons, high power microwave weapons, nonlinear optical beam control and imaging, and space systems vulnerability studies survivability techniques in hostile and natural environments.
REPORT NUMBER: PL-TM-97-1001
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A323 256 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

"FY98 Directed Energy Technology Area Plan." Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Force Research Laboratory, 1998. 33p.
Abstract: none available.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A338 003 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]