Directed Energy Weapons: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports issued with distribution limitations (e.g. FOUO or DOD only) due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution references only. Abstracts were taken from various databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the author of this bibliography.

Cabayan, H.S. "Current Status of High Power Microwave Effects and Simulation." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, December 1986. 9p. In: National Conference on High Power Microwave Technology for Defense Applications, Albuquerque, NM. 1 December 1986.
Abstract: This article is based in part on the findings of the HPM Effects Panel. The findings of the panel have been reported elsewhere, and are summarized here. Issues that are covered include potential upper bounds of the influences from HPM weapons, the phenomenology of HPM system effects, critical issues in HPM system effects simulation, and HPM simulation requirements.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-95-052, CONF-8612401-8
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-87-004112

Cabayan, H.S. "Phenomenology of Intense Electromagnetic Wave Interactions with Systems." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 12 March 1986. 9p. In: Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Jose, CA, 29 April 1986.
Abstract: Recent advances in laboratory high power microwave (HPM) source capabilities have raised concerns regarding the survivability of US systems if HPM weapon systems using such sources are deployed in the battlefield. In this paper an overview of recent US achievements in HPM sources is given. Upper bounds to future HPM threats on targets from first principles are derived. Again using a simplified first principles approach, the phenomenology of HPM interaction with targets is examined and scaling laws for the target response with frequency, pulse width, and influence are derived.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-94-285, CONF-8604341-1, CONF-8606317-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-009561

Camacho, J.F., E.T. Rosenbury and B.R. Poole. "X-band Backward-wave Oscillator Experiment." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 1990. 6p. In: National Conference on High-Power Microwave Technology (5th), West Point, NY (USA), 10-15 June 1990.
Abstract: We are conducting a backward-wave oscillator (BWO) experiment using a slow-wave structure which consists of a non-sinusoidal corrugated-wall waveguide with period z(sub 0) = 1.67 cm, r(sub min) = 1.17 cm, r(sub max) = 1.97 cm, and length L = 15.03 cm (nine periods). We inject an annular electron beam with the following parameters: (Phi)(sub cathode) = 1 MV, 1 kA (le) I(sub beam) (le) 7 kA in 1 kA increments, r(sub beam) = 0.9 cm, and t(sub pulse) (approx.) 60 ns. The guiding axial magnetic field is varied from 0.6 T to 3.0 T in 0.4 T increments. The device is designed to operate at 8.0 GHz < f < 8.5 GHz in the lowest-order TM mode of the coupled beam-structure system. We shall present our experimental design and results. In addition, our theoretical and modeling work will be discussed.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-102625, CONF-9006179-5
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-90-015119

Canavan, Gregory H. "Advanced Defense Technologies in Transition." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. October 1988. 30p.
Abstract: This report discusses the sensitivities of current defensive technologies to the threat, how advanced kinetic energy and directed energy weapons (KEWs and DEWs) could reduce them, and their scaling and optimal combinations. The result is a demonstration that an orderly progression from KEWs to DEWs obtains for nominal costs, performance, and threats.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11361-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-002105

Canavan, Gregory H. "Advanced Mass Launchers for Low Earth Orbit." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. April 1989. 43p.
Abstract: Military access to space requires significant payload volume and acceptable costs. It has not been demonstrated that current launch systems can provide either. This report describes two advanced launch concepts that could potentially provide an order of magnitude reduction in the total costs of launching modest payloads to space and give the margin over the economics of current concepts required to meet both current and expanded requirements for military and civilian launch schedules and provide a margin for the expansion of each.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11420-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-010759

Canavan, Gregory H. "Approximate Average Deployments Versus Defense Parameters." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. December 1991. 7p.
Abstract: Calculations of the number of reentry vehicles (RVs) killed as a function of missile and defense parameters can be well approximated by analytic expressions that are valid for all numbers of missiles and interceptors. The approximation uniformly underestimates the effectiveness of boost-phase defenses: the discrepancies in kill rates are about 10%. If it is used to size the boost phase of two-layer defenses, the uncertainties would at worst double the demands on the midcourse layer, which is generally a minor part of the total.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11880-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-004751

Canavan, Gregory H. "Average Deployments Versus Missile and Defender Parameters." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 15p.
Abstract: This report evaluates the average number of reentry vehicles (RVs) that could be deployed successfully as a function of missile burn time, RV deployment times, and the number of space-based interceptors (SBIs) in defensive constellations. Leakage estimates of boost-phase kinetic-energy defenses as functions of launch parameters and defensive constellation size agree with integral predictions of near-exact calculations for constellation sizing. The calculations discussed here test more detailed aspects of the interaction. They indicate that SBIs can efficiently remove about 50% of the RVs from a heavy missile attack. The next 30% can removed with two-fold less effectiveness. The next 10% could double constellation sizes.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11856-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-003989

Canavan, Gregory H. "Burros: Simple, Affordable, Effective Space Transportation." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1992. 23p.
Abstract: This note argues that space is the best place to put not only the sensors, but also the SBIs Spare Based Interceptors and DEWs Directed-Energy Weapons needed to address long-range, intra- and inter-theater missiles efficiently. There are real threats; they are likely to worsen. Ground-based defenses cannot handle them all affordably. Mixes are generally appropriate. There is a role for SBIs, but it doesn't appear to require all of the capabilities built into the current SBIs at the outset. The SBIs that are needed now could be no more than cheap burros that were amenable to joint development and robust command for the protection of all. Their deployment for (GPALs) Global Protection Against Limited Strikes should not adversely impact the arms control or crisis stability of the strategic balance with the Soviet Union in any rational, concrete calculus, including that used by the Soviet Union. Deployment at low latitudes should give them adequate capability against theater launches but none against Soviet (ICBMs) International Ballistic Missiles and only marginal, residual impact on (SLBMs) Submarine-Launched Ballistics Missiles. They should not either leave hot production capability of anything threatening or provoke untoward responses. We have a hot production line on Chevrolets that would pose more of a threat to the Soviet Union. Their inability to overcome even crude Soviet countermeasures would be an asset in this light. A companion effort could develop the brilliant eyes needed to guide them. A similar logic is possible with DEWs, but they are less developed and hence less at issue.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-12197-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-013553/AD-A338 702

Canavan, Gregory H. "Comparison of Laser and Neutral Particle Beam Discrimination." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. September 1989. 16p.
Abstract: The relative ability of lasers and neutral particle beams (NPBs) to discriminate reentry vehicle (RV) and anti-satellite (ASAT) decoys is pivotal in assessing their relative worth as strategic defenses. This report evaluates their ability and assesses their relative contributions, concluding that NPBs can typically discriminate about 100 times as many objects as can lasers, and do so with significantly greater certainty.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11572-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-017786/AD-A 344 854

Canavan, Gregory H. "Constellation Sizing for Modest Directed Energy Platforms." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. June 1989. 11p.
Abstract: Discussions of boost-phase, directed energy scaling have concentrated on large lasers and mirrors requiring development. The report explores modest lasers that could be deployed sooner if their performance and effectiveness were found to be adequate.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11573-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-012826/AD-A 339 026

Canavan, Gregory H. "Defending the Defenders: Brilliant Pebble Defense Against Pop-up Neutral Particle Beam Suppression Attacks." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1991. 22p.
Abstract: Pop-up neutral particle beams (NPBs) can suppress brilliant pebbles. For attrition attacks, modest shielding should suffice, although the pebbles' survivability could be degraded. NPBs are difficult to negate once operational; it appears necessary to destroy them during ascent. Doing so effectively would require the prompt destruction of all heavy launches from missile launch areas.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11822-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-91-012521/AD-A 344 738

Canavan, Gregory H. "Directed Energy Architectures." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1988. 58p.
Abstract: This report discusses the roles directed energy could play in strategic defense, assesses their likely effectiveness, and outlines the important complementarity between directed and kinetic energy, which appears to be pivotal to the development of robust defenses. Directed energy concepts could provide adequate kill rates that are relatively insensitive to fast, compact launches. Midcourse applications are based on the robust discrimination ability of directed energy weapons.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11285-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-010484

Canavan, Gregory H. "Directed Energy Concepts for Strategic Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. June 1988. 74p.
Abstract: Directed energy concepts can play unique roles in strategic defense because of their reaction time, speed of light engagement, and large geographic coverage. This report discusses the main directed energy concepts, engagements in which they could have significant leverage, and their expected performance in them. It covers both boost phase engagements and midcourse applications, and contrasts these results with those of earlier analyses.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11173-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-015050/AD-A 344 716

Canavan, Gregory H. "Directed Energy Weapons-Lasers: Ground- and Space-Based Systems." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. June 1989. 35p.
Abstract: Directed energy weapons (DEWs) range and speed complement kinetic energy weapons (KEWs) lethality and offset their sensitivity to launch area and time. Lasers could be developed to the power and brightness required to offset the degradation of KEWs by advanced threats. This report reviews their scaling, discusses how they could extend the effectiveness of KEW systems, and estimates when they could enter the defenses.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11557-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-012804

Canavan, Gregory H. "Goals for Limited Strategic Defenses." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1989. 44p.
Abstract: The report reviews the nature of near and mid-term accidental, third-country, and limited threats, discusses the technologies available to defend against them, and examines the development programs required.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11419-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-012260

Canavan, Gregory H. "Laser Countermeasure Impacts and Penalties." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. April 1988. 23p.
Abstract: Countermeasures could determine the ultimate effectiveness of directed energy weapons. This report discusses shielding and spinning boosters, the countermeasures specific to lasers, and provides an overall assessment of their impact, which is modest.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11264-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-006871/AD-A 338 857

Canavan, Gregory H. "Neutral Particle Beam Popup Applications." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 28p.
Abstract: Popup neutral particle beams (NPBs) could have high leverage in discriminating decoyed threats. There is considerable leeway in the choice of platform parameters. For deuterium beams the number of platforms is modest for all energies. Hydrogen beams might use higher energies to reduce the number of platforms. Low energies minimize platform cost for both.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11785-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-008160/AD-A 344 829

Canavan, Gregory H. "Notes on Space, Satellites, and Survivability." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 24p.
Abstract: The satellites most at risk in the near term are sensors and the brilliant pebbles for boost-phase defense. The availability of countermeasures for kinetic energy anti-satellites (ASATs) tends to downgrade them. Space-based interceptors and lasers are even less effective. Space mines appear to be the dominant space-based threat. Their main advantages are simplicity and low mass. If they can be forced to use decoys or cannot discriminate, that advantage is lost. For fundamental reasons discrimination should become more robust in time and combined defenses should become more effective.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11847-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-009229/AD-A 344 782

Canavan, Gregory H. "Requirements for Progressive Strategic Defenses." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 52p.
Abstract: Space-based layers face counter-measures, cost, and survivability concerns. Midcourse defenses face decoys, which they must discriminate. Simple models indicate that their initial deployment should be effective and that development could improve their effectiveness. That would provide a hedge against uncertainty and an incentive to the reduction of offensive forces.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11781-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-008997/AD-A 344 725

Canavan, Gregory H. "Role of Free-Electron Lasers in Strategic Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1990. 17p.
Abstract: Directed-energy defenses could provide the performance, growth, and cost essential for effectiveness against progressively larger and more competent threats. Because they are less sensitive to modernization rates and can grow in performance, directed-energy defense could provide significant margin against uncertain costs and improve the effectiveness of combined defenses by factors of 2 to 3. Delays in development could cause much larger cost growths. Thus, directed-energy, generally, and free-electron lasers, specifically, are critical in bounding the threat throughout the transition.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11774-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-008028

Canavan, Gregory H. "Scaling of Nonnuclear Kinetic-Energy Antisatellites." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1990. 22p.
Abstract: Nonnuclear antisatellites could release particles in the paths of satellites. The antisatellite would have about a twofold mass advantage in attrition and about a tenfold advantage in suppression over the defensive satellite. Antisatellites would weigh 5--10 tons; satellite shields could weigh a factor of 2-4 less. Exchange ratios scale strongly on antisatellite mass, maneuver, and range. Such antisatellites would be less effective against directed energy satellites, which could clear their paths or destroy the anti-satellites before deployment.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11716-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-009758

Canavan, Gregory H. "SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative): Is Its Future Past." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1990. 23p.
Abstract: This paper reviews likely threats and the ability of known defenses to address them, concluding that initial deployments should be affordable and development appears to be a prudent hedge against an uncertain future. Effective defenses would provide a positive incentive for the reduction of offensive forces and hence a direct, stabilizing influence that could shift the threat in directions in which they could be more effective and mutually useful.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11782-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-008016

Canavan, Gregory H. "SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative): Myth or Reality." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. June 1988. 20p.
Abstract: This report reviews previous attempts to develop strategic defenses, the technologies currently under consideration by the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), their main unknowns, and the likely performance of strategic defense concepts against evolving threats.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11322-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-015059

Canavan, Gregory H. "Strategic Defense Requirements for Progressive Applications." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 36p.
Abstract: A companion paper discusses various applications for which strategic defense concepts could be used. The applications form a progression in size and complexity from accidental or unauthorized launches, through third country or subnational threats, to limited or strategic exchanges. This report attempts to quantify the requirements for meeting those applications ad to assess the maturity of current strategic defense concepts relative to them, concluding that there are adequate interceptors for all of them, but that sensitivities to uncertainties in discrimination are awkward at all levels and bothersome at the high end. Strategic defenses are applicable to a progression of threats that range from accidental or unauthorized launches, through third country of subnational threats, to limited or strategic exchanges. Technologies exist for long range launches, but launches close to shore are feasible, stressing, and favor the attacker. Space based interceptors are suited to meeting the bulk of the launches; directed energy has significant advantages in reducing the threat to manageable levels. Current interceptor concepts appear adequate, but discrimination is both pivotal and delayed.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11830-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-009045/AD-A 344 761

Canavan, Gregory H. "Suppression of Space-Based Interceptors by Neutral Particle Beams." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. November 1991. 15p.
Abstract: Neutral particle beams (NPBs) popped up before missile launch could irradiate space-based interceptors (SBIs), suppressing those that could effectively attack the missiles. NPB effectiveness could be quite high against unshielded, undecoyed SBIs. The results sensitive to launch radius, beam brightness, and SBI hardness. Even low-brightness NPBs would be effective in suppressing the threats over compact launch areas.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11855-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-004339/AD-A 344 986

Canavan, Gregory H. "Survivability of Large Directed-Energy Platforms." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. October 1991. 10p.
Abstract: There are adequate discussions in the literature of the survivability of space platforms that are small. Discussions of the survivability of large space platforms are less developed. In part that is because the large directed-energy platforms are thought to be useful in the long term; in part it is because of a rough concept that they are vulnerable simply because they are large. Size does matter for passive survivability techniques such as hardening, maneuver, and decoys. Both initial- and life-cycle mass and cost trades strongly favor lasers that are attacked. Their advantage is shielding, which is independent of platform size. The analysis of NPBs is more complex, but again reduces to the greater ease of shielding. Thus, in the most stressing attacks size plays no role. These results are generic. They show the advantage of shielding for any attacked platform.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-12078-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-002603

Canavan, Gregory H. "Target Returns for Neutral-Particle-Beam Discrimination." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. May 1990. 18p.
Abstract: Models of weapons and decoys adequate for deposition studies can be formulated and solved analytically. Empirical conversion efficiencies predict useful weapon signals and weapon-to-decoy signal ratios for those energies of interest. Light decoys are of concern because of the numbers possible. Discriminating them on the basis of mass appears feasible with hydrogen or deuterium beams, contrary to earlier studies of much heavier decoys.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11752-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-009759/AD-A344 698

Canavan, Gregory H. "Transitional Strategic Defense Architectures." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1989. 24p.
Abstract: Transitional deployments permit the rational evolution of increasing capability in each defensive layer. Boost-phase and midcourse transitions are discussed; a key feature is the need for balance between deployment and development.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11524-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-008312

Canavan, Gregory H. and A.G. Petschek. "Satellite Allocation for Boost-Phase Missile Intercepts." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. April 1987. 32p.
Abstract: An essential component of the debate over strategic defense is the size of the defensive constellations needed to counter given threats. Although computer simulations can give accurate estimates, analytic calculations can led to greater insight and sensitivity. Limiting estimates have been published in which missiles are assumed to be launched from either an enormous area or a point; neither assumption corresponds to current threats. The combined solution derived here obtains the optimal solution for all areas. The resulting constellations are both smaller and less sensitive to parameters than those derived for the two published limits.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-10926-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-007719

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.C. Browne. "Directed Energy Concepts for Theater Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. October 1991. 11p.
Abstract: This report explores the role of directed energy weapons (DEWs) in theater defenses. For ranges shorter than 200--300 km they are much cheaper than SBIs; they are competitive with ground-based interceptors (GBIs). For inter-theater ranges of (approx.) 1000 km, lasers are competitive with the SBIs, but NPBs are significantly cheaper than either. For nominal laser and space-based interceptor (SBI) costs, lasers are strongly preferred for ranges under 300--500 km. For ranges 700 km, SBIs have a slight advantage. Neutral particle beams (NPBs) appear dominant for ranges over 400--1000 km.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-12094-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE92002604

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.C. Browne. "Free Electron Lasers in Strategic Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1988. 29p.
Abstract: This report discusses the basis for free electron laser (FEL) operation, roles FELS could play in strategic defense, expected effectiveness, and status of key components. The constellation sizes needed to meet evolving threats are derived, and the tradeoffs between space and ground basing of FELs are discussed, leading to a conclusion that FELs could be available for, and play complementary roles to, those of kinetic energy concepts.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11225-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-007024/AD-A 340 634

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.C. Browne. "Neutral Particle Beam Discrimination and Lethality." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. March 1991. 22p.
Abstract: Using, or possibly just developing, neutral particle beams (NPBs) to both discriminate decoys and kill weapons could induce 10-fold reductions in each. The conventional ''factor of two'' increase in the time required to do both does not capture particle beams' impact. They could reduce the threat to (approx.)1 reentry vehicle (RV) plus (approx.)10 decoys per heavy missile, which could be defeated at a 10-100:1 cost effectiveness ratio by current interceptors.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11773-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-91-009009

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.C. Browne. "Roles for Neutral Particle Beams in Strategic Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. April 1988. 122p.
Abstract: Neutral particle beams can play a number of unique, critical roles in strategic defense because of their robust mechanism for discrimination and kill. Their operation, status, and applications are evaluated, showing that their near term roles are complementary to kinetic energy weapons. In addition, particle beams are shown to be the primary candidates for interrogating space objects, discriminating numerous light decoys possible in midcourse, and eliminating reentry vehicles among them.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11226-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-010476

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.C. Browne. "Where Directed Energy Stands in Strategic Defense." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. January 1988. 28p.
Abstract: Directed energy concepts can play unique, significant roles in strategic defense. This report reviews the various stages in their prior development, assesses their current status, and indicates the key indicators of offensive system development that determine the time frame in which they will be needed. Directed energy concepts are significantly less sensitive to kinetic energy countermeasures, for which they could be ready.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11172-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-005092

Canavan, Gregory H. and J.H. Hammond. "Constellation Sizing for Modest Directed Energy Platforms." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. April 1988. 24p.
Abstract: Discussions of boost phase directed energy constellation scaling have concentrated on tradeoffs for large lasers and mirrors, which require development. This report explores more modest lasers that could be deployed sooner, finding that for anticipated threats, performance and effectiveness are adequate.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-11238-MS
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-007033/AD-A339 026

Capen, George S. "Directed Energy Effects on the Flight Path of a Spinning Ballistic Projectile." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, June 1995. 95p.
Abstract: This thesis will examine the equations of motion for a spinning ballistic projectile. The goal of such an examination is to determine the possible mechanisms by which a directed energy weapon may induce sufficient instability as to significantly alter the projectile's flight path. A ballistic projectile is generally launched with a fire and forget philosophy. The desired impact point is determined before firing. It may be possible to alter the projectile in such a way that it fails to follow the desired trajectory thereby missing the intended target. Several variables appear to be worthy of investigation to assess their contribution to a required instability or range reduction. Skin friction drag may be increased from surface roughness generated by a pulsed energy source. The results that this thesis will examine include: impulse generated by the laser interaction, additional Magnus effects and aerodynamic drag. Moment induced instability may also result from these in the form of a Magnus moment or drag torque. Increasing the drag force appears to be the most promising theoretical solution to defeating an incoming spinning ballistic projectile.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A303 096 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

Carter, Ashton B. "Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space." Background paper. Washington, DC: Office of Technology Assessment, April 1984. 93p.
Abstract: This Background Paper describes and assesses current concepts for directed-energy ballistic missile defense in space. Its purpose is to provide members of Congress, their staffs, and the public with a readable introduction to the so-called 'Star Wars' technologies that some suggest might form the basis of a future nationwide defense against Soviet nuclear ballistic missiles. Since these technologies are a relatively new focus for U.S. missile defense efforts, little information about them has been readily available outside the expert community. Directed-energy or 'beam' weapons comprise chemical lasers, excimer and free electron lasers, nuclear bomb-powered x-ray lasers, neutral and charged particle beams, kinetic energy weapons, and microwave weapons. In addition to describing these devices, this Background Paper assesses he prospects for fashioning from such weapons robust and reliable wartime defense system resistant to Soviet countermeasures. The assessment distinguishes the prospects for perfect or ear-perfect protection of U.S. cities and population from the prospects that technology will achieve a modest, less-than-perfect level of performance that will nonetheless be seen by some experts as having strategic value. Though the focus is technical, the Paper also discusses, but does not assess in detail; the strategic and arms control implications of a major U.S. move to develop and deploy ballistic missile defense (BMD).
REPORT NUMBER: OTA-BP-ISC-26
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB84-210111
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A337 830

Casey, K.F. "Notes for a Tutorial on DEW Signal Generation, Propagation, and Detection." Del Mar, CA: JAYCOR, October 1987. 122p.
Abstract: These notes were prepared to support a two-day tutorial lecture series which was presented at Headquarters, Air Force Foreign Technology Division in October 1987. The intent of the lectures was to provide an introduction to, and overview of, three subject areas relevant to the electromagnetic aspects of the Directed Energy Intelligence (DEWINT) problem. These areas are (1) signal generation by charged-particle beams (CPB) and high-power microwaves (HPM), (2) propagation of electromagnetic signals through the ionosphere, and (3) performance of correlation receivers for signal detection. The level of the material was intended to be suitable for an audience whose technical background was at the BS or MS level in electrical engineering or physics.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL/CR-110115
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-011847

Cauble, R. et al. "Short Pulselength lasers and Weapons Physics Applications." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, March 1, 1992. 17p.
Abstract: Ultrashort pulselength lasers (or short pulse lasers) offer the possibility to experimentally investigate regimes of physics which have hitherto been only calculationally accessible. Pulselengths of less than a picosecond focused into spots of a few micron radius allow millijoule amplifiers to produce field intensities of 1018 W/sq cm, an electric field corresponding to the atomic field strength for hydrogen (e/a(sub o)(sup 2) = 10(sup 9) V/cm). In addition, since the techniques for creating short pulselengths can be assembled on an optical table, research into the physics of intense electric fields can be carried out relatively cheaply at the university level. Since the field is very new and many applications of short pulse lasers are largely unexplored or not yet conceived, the Laboratory should be an active participant in the physics and applications of short pulse lasers under the Laboratory's directive to conduct research into and on the frontiers of science. Because we are on the frontier, however, applications are likely to be limited for the next few years. Some applications are outlined in this paper.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-ID-109834
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-92-016745

"Challenge of Future EW System Design (Les Defis Poses par la Conception des Futurs Systemes)." Conference proceedings. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, Neuilly-sur-Seine (France). 21 October 1993. 148p. Papers Presented at the Avionics Panel Symposium at Ankara, Turkey on 18-21 October 1993. Theme in English and French.
Abstract: Electronic Warfare (EW) has emerged as a critical driving force in modem warfare. New generations of weapon systems directly impact EW requirements and strategies. Modern combat aircraft are faced with a drastic change of a possible threat scenario consisting of a mix of Western and Eastern weapon systems. The deployment of advanced pulse doppler radar systems in A/A and GIA application augmented by extensive electro-optic capabilities, directed energy weapons (laser or particle beam), electromagnetic/shockwave weapons requires a detailed reassessment of NATO EW processes. The complexity and diversity of future threat scenarios necessitate changes in NATO EW system concepts, and an update of existing equipment including modifications of tactics and combinations of EW resources to improve survivability.
REPORT NUMBER: AGARD-CP-546
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A297 519

Chang, C.I. "Design and Analysis of Aerospace Structures at Elevated Temperatures." In: International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, 34^th, Reno, NV, May 8-11, 1989. Proceedings, Book 1. Covina, CA: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 1989, p. 656-666.
Abstract: An account is given of approaches that have emerged as useful in the incorporation of thermal loading considerations into advanced composite materials-based aerospace structural design practices. Sources of structural heating encompass not only propulsion system heat and aerodynamic surface heating at supersonic speeds, but the growing possibility of intense thermal fluxes from directed-energy weapons. The composite materials in question range from intrinsically nonheat-resistant polymer matrix systems to metal-matrix composites, and increasingly to such ceramic-matrix composites as carbon/carbon, which are explicitly intended for elevated temperature operation.

Chen, H. C. and H.S. Uhm. " Diocotron Instability of an Intense Relativistic Electron Beam in an Accelerator." Silver Springs, MD: Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, 1 August 1984. 26p.
Abstract: High current annular electron beam in an accelerator is subject to various instabilities. A general fluid-Maxwell theory of the diocotron instability is developed for an infinitely long and azimuthally symmetric annular electron beam propagating along an external magnetic field. In contrast with the treatment used in the conventional diocotron instability, the assumptions of tenuous electron beam and strong magnetic field have been eliminated. Furthermore, the restriction of infinite axial wavelength perturbation has been removed and the approximation of % ck is no longer applied. Instead, we conduct full electromagnetic perturbation in the macroscopic cold fluid description of plasma dynamic with the beam parameters of general interest. In the special case of a sharp boundary density profile, the diocotron instability which dominates in the low frequency region are investigated in a broad range of beam parameters and geometries. The results are significantly different from that obtained from the conventional diocotron instability. The kink mode can be destabilized and the growth rates are much larger for every azimuthal mode.
REPORT NUMBER: NSWC/MP-84-346
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A339 841

Chen, K.W. "Magnetic Linear Accelerator (MAGLAC) as Driver for Impact Fusion (IF)." In DOE Impact Fusion Workshop, Los Alamos, NM, 10-13 July 1979. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Cyclotron Laboratory, July 1979. 24p.
Abstract: This paper presents considerations on the design of a magnetic linear accelerator suitable as driver for impact fusion. We argue that the proposed approach offers an attractive option to accelerate macroscopic matter to centiluminal velocity suitable to fusion applications. Design and practical engineering considerations are treated. Future work is outlined.
REPORT NUMBER: MSU-CSL-71
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A339 845

Chesser, N.J. "Department of Defense Methodology Guidelines for High Power Microwave (HPM) Susceptibility Assessments." Draft. Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, January 1990. 100p.
Abstract: It is the intention of the National HPM Program to complete a series of tests over the next two years to validate the methodology described in these guidelines. When those tests are completed and results analyzed, this document will be revised to reflect lessons learned during the validation process. In addition, the Methodology Sub-Panel is compiling a second volume on specific measurement techniques. This volume (Volume 1) is intended to provide guidance to the Program Manager on the critical steps in a well-conceived test program. Volume 2 will provide detailed step-by-step information to the engineer who is responsible for performing the tests. The body of this volume is divided into seven sections. Sections 2 through 7 provide detailed descriptions of the activities within each of the modular steps which comprise the methodology schematically; Section 2: pre-test system analysis; Section 3: low power microwave tests -- coupling/subsystem component tests; Section 5: susceptibility assessment and test planning; Section 6: high power microwave tests; and Section 7: susceptibility assessment and test evaluation. The executive summary reviews the reasons for development of the methodology and provides brief descriptions of each module. Appendix B provides definitions of special terms and acronyms which are used throughout the document.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-CR-104314
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-015405

Christensen, C.P. "High-pressure Continuously Tunable CO2 Laser." Alexandria, VA: Potomac Photonics, September 1984. 18p.
Abstract: Operation of carbon dioxide waveguide lasers at laser gas pressures of several atmospheres can significantly increase peak output power and optical pulse energy and allow continuous wavelength tunability over a broad spectral band. In the investigation, the feasibility of CO2 waveguide laser operation at elevated pressures is demonstrated. An advanced waveguide laser excited by a high-power radio frequency generator and employing novel discharge concepts is constructed and experimentally characterized. Significant increases in laser pulse energy and peak output power are observed, and factors influencing laser efficiency and range of operating pressure are explored. As a result of its improved operating characteristics this advanced waveguide laser is expected to find applications in laser radar, remote sensing, laboratory instrumentation, and materials processing.
ACCESSION NUMBER: PB-87-103727

Christophorou, L.G. and S.R. Hunter. "Binary and Ternary Gas Mixtures with Temperature Enhanced Diffuse Glow Discharge Characteristics for Use in Closing Switches." Patent Application. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN. Filed 28 June 1988. 26p.
Abstract: An improvement to the gas mixture used in diffuse glow discharge closing switches is disclosed which includes binary and ternary gas mixtures which are formulated to exhibit decreasing electron attachment with increasing temperature. This increases the efficiency of the conductance of the glow discharge and further inhibits the formation of an arc.
PAT-APPL-7212546
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-89-011807

Clark, Darwin L. "Theory for the CEBAF Infrared and Shipboard FELS." Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, March 1992. 80p.
Abstract: The continuing development of the free electron laser (FEL) as a powerful and versatile source of coherent radiation steadily drives toward the goal of high efficiency and broad tunability at shorter wavelengths. New experiments provide significant data and insight for analysis by theoreticians and experimentalists. Two important areas of study are short electron pulse effects, and the dynamics of optical mode distortion by intense beam currents. The initial part of this thesis examines one aspect of the projected task of FEL application as a military weapon. The advantages of the FEL over other directed energy sources are detailed, as well as the challenge presented by the effects of the marine atmosphere to high energy laser propagation. The remainder of this thesis examines several effects of long wavelength FELs. Chapter IV examines the proposed parameters of the CE-OAF IR FEL, and the analysis leads to predictions describing system performance. Chapter V examines the effects of single pass optical mode distortion for FELs with narrow electron beams. Single-mode theory states that gain is proportional to the product of electron beam current and filling factor, but three dimensional simulations show that gain is a function of electron beam-filling factor alone. Also examined is a phenomenon of destructive interference of light in the FEL modulator.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A252 174

Cohen, Leslie, Robert Collins and Bohdan Balko. "A Report on the Possible Benefits of Using High-Temperature Superconductor Materials in Particle Accelerator Design." Final report. June-September 1987. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, December 1988. 25p.
Abstract: This report discusses different design concepts for particle beam accelerators. It demonstrates that with the use of high temperature superconducting materials, a more compact, lighter, and more robust accelerator design can be realized for the space based neutral particle beam (NPB) accelerator. Particle accelerators, Neutral particle beam, High temperature superconductivity, Cryogenic systems, Directed energy weapons, RF cavities.
REPORT NUMBER: IDA-M-444
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A207 174

Cohen, M, E., Fornoles, and T. Mahefkey. "Requirements and Technology Trends for Future Military Space Power Systems." In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 16^th, Atlanta, GA, August 9-14, 1981, Proceedings. Volume 3. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1981, p. 2122-2125.
Abstract: Evolutionary and revolutionary changes considered necessary for satisfying increasing power requirements of military spacecraft are reviewed. Power usage is seen to expand in steps from 1-2 kW to 8 kW, 15 kW, then hundreds of kW, and finally into the MW range over the next 15 years. Applications include electrooptical and radar surveillance systems, laser communications satellites, space station defense against hostile action, transfer from LEO to GEO, and laser and directed energy weapons. The energy weapons systems would require advancements in energy storage capabilities because peak power exceeds nominal usage by 10-1000:1. Power per pound graphs are presented for nuclear and solar cell power systems, showing that nuclear systems have a 3-5:1 edge over solar systems; nuclear systems development over the next decade will, however, cost 5-10 times the amount necessary for solar development. Governing parameters will be reliability, survivability, volume, life cycle costs, availability, system weight, and risk factors. Stress is laid on the need for long lead time development to forestall revolutionary changes which require large power systems to maintain military capabilities.

Collins, C.B. "Progress in the Production of Samples of Gamma Ray Laser Candidate Materials." Annual Technical Report 1 April 1993 ? 31 March 1994. Richardson, TX: General Coherent Technology Inc., 15 April 1994. 21p.
Abstract: Studies of the 29 possible candidates to use as the working medium of a gamma ray laser have identified the 31-year isomer of Hafnium-178 as the best. It is a natural exawatt material capable of emitting 0.05 exawatt per gram if triggered. The problem being addressed in this work is the development of a production cycle for this rare substance. A success of this first year's work has been the identification of two fuel cycles, (alpha,2n) reactions upon separated 176Yb and proton spallation upon natural Ta feedstock.
REPORT NUMBER: GCT/9401
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A278 961

Colson, W.B. "Collective Free Electron Laser Theory." Final report. 30 October 1985 ? 30 July 1986. Berkeley Research Associates, Inc., CA., August 1988. 51p.
Abstract: The long-pulse induction linac is considered for the first stage of a two-stage free electron laser (FEL) oscillator. This research effort studies several effects that can significantly influence the performance of such an FEL. The FEL is parameterized in a set of dimensionless variables that can summarize several physical effects without the use of detailed calculation as well as relating the physical to other FEL designs. A waveguide analysis shows the primary modifications on the FEL interaction, electron beam distribution functions representing energy spread and emittance are evaluated in the high gain regime, and a multimode analysis of the trapped-particle instability is performed for parameters describing the FEL. The research in intended to extend the simulation theory of high-gain FEL oscillators. In the two-stage FEL, the first-stage uses a normal FEL interaction with the usual static undulator to produce an intense electromagnetic wave in a high-power resonator. The wavelength in the first stage is around 1 cm, and provides the periodic undulator in the second stage of the interaction. The electromagnetic undulator has a shorter wavelength with a more intense field than can be attained from a static magnetic field, and allows the second stage to reach short optical wavelengths with a low energy electron beam.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A220 750

Colson, W.B. "Free Electron Laser Theory." Final report, no. 4. 1 May 1985 ? 30 April 1986. Berkeley Research Associates, Inc., CA., 10 July 1986. 98p.
Abstract: Free electron laser (FEL) theory is extended to explain several effects associated with high gain operation. The trapped particle instability is reviewed for short pulses FELs, FEL oscillators, and FEL amplifiers. A new FEL theory exactly includes the effect of an arbitrary electron distribution function and an explanation is given for optical self-guiding.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A172 996

Colson, W.B. "Methods for Tuning Free Electron Lasers to Multiple Wavelengths." Patent. Washington, DC: Department of the Air Force, 16 June 1987. 6p.
Abstract: The tuning of the output of a free electron laser to different wavelengths is accomplished using a tilting resonator. In a free electron laser, relativistic electrons travel through a periodic magnetic field and oscillate to amplify coherent optical radiation within a resonator with same polarization as the magnet. Usually, the electron beam is parallel with the resonator axis and the fundamental harmonic is ordinarily used in the transverse magnetic field. By tilting the resonator axis with respect to the electron beam and transverse magnetic field, the free electron laser's output is tuned to different wavelengths. By using higher harmonics (f=3,5,7,...) the free electron laser produces lasing in several wavelengths simultaneously. These several wavelengths are also tuned by the tilting resonator.
PATENT: 4,674,091

Colson, W.B. "Nonlinear Wave Propagation in Free Electron Lasers." Final scientific report. 1 July 1985 ? 31 December 1986. Berkeley Research Associates, Inc., CA., 31 December 1986. 23p.
Abstract: An outline of new research results is given in the FEL klystron theory, exotic short-pulse evolution, optical guiding in the high-gain regime, fully four-dimensional simulations of the FEL, coherence development and line- narrowing in the FEL, and a global map describing the trapped-particle instability and chaos regions in the free electron laser. The description of the high-gain klystron FEL was improved. Previous work has assumed low-gain in the analysis of the high-gain klystron design. The gain of the klystron FEL in this research was calculated with use of the coupled, self-consistent Lorentz-Maxwell equations. For high gain, the objective of the klystron configuration, the gain spectrum is found to be modified from the previously known low-gain result. This is caused by the shifting of the optical phase during the gain process and is calculated for the first time. The effects derived are not obtainable from the Madey Theorem. The klystron saturation in strong nonlinear optical fields is also discussed. A comparison is made of the use of plasma theory and distribution functions, and the single particle approach.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A191 178

Colson, W.B. "Research on Free Electron Lasers." Final report. Berkeley Research Associates, Inc., CA., 1989. 135p.
Abstract: The research includes the derivation of better high-efficiency equations for describing the FEL in the strongly saturated regime. The equations retain much of the simplicity of the old theory, but are accurate for high energy extraction. The dimensionless parameters of the equations are used to describe the LANL and LLNL FEL experiments. In a publication, the importance of the dimensionless current density j is emphasized for describing many diverse FEL physical effects. The effects of waveguides on the FEL radiation interaction are derived and presented in this report. The ELF FEL amplifier used a waveguide and is used as an example. It was found during the study that the gain spectrum of high-gain amplifiers like ELF can have sharp spikes. The spikes are not related to the use of a waveguide, but are an important result of this contract. A review paper invited by SPIE discusses some the techniques used to simulate FELs of many different kinds.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A215 865

Colson, W.B., J.C. Ballardo, and P.M. Bosco. "Free-Electron Laser Gain Degradation and Electron Beam Quality." Technical report. 1 October 1985 ? 30 December 1986. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Quantum Institute, 17 February 1987. 18p.
Abstract: The free electron laser can be described by solving the Lorentz Maxell equations self consistently in weak optical fields. The field evolution is determined by an integral equation that allows the inclusion of an arbitrary electron distribution function in a simple way. Contour maps are used to show the gain degradation due to an electron beam energy spread and an electron beam angular spread. In the limit of low gain, the gain spectrum is related to the spontaneous emission line shape through successively higher dericatives. In the limit of high gain, it is shown that growth rate becomes less susceptible to degradation from the electron beam quality.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A177 370

Colson, W.B., G. Dattoli and F. Ciocci. "Angular-Gain Spectrum of Free Electron Lasers." Report no. 4 (Final). 1 July 1984 ? 28 February 1985. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Quantum Institute, February 1985. 16p.
Abstract: The theory of free-electron lasers is extended to include the new coupling between an electron beam and optical wave propagating at an angle theta in an arbitrary harmonic. The coupling allows the laser to be tuned to a wider range of wavelengths and to include the effects of emittance in the electron beam. The formulation of the results in terms of coupling constants means that the existing knowledge of high gain, low gain, weak optical fields, strong optical fields, and short pulses in free electron lasers can be immediately generalized to off-axis propagation in an arbitrary harmonic.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A159 412

Colson, W.B. and A.M. Sessler. "Free Electron Lasers." Final technical report. 1 July 1984 ? 28 February 1985. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Quantum Institute, August 1985. 58p.
Abstract: This paper reviews the experimental and theoretical development of free electron lasers. There is a review of the types of accelerators driving FELs, the history of FELs, and the prospects for the future.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A159497

Corynen, G.C. "Target Scheduling for Directed Energy Weapon Platforms." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, January 1993. 180p.
Abstract: This final report documents the results of a three-year technology development program sponsored by the Rome Laboratory (RL) as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) and executed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The major objectives of this program were to develop, test, and deliver algorithms for managing Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) platforms during defensive engagements with a number of offensive weapons, which we shall call the targets. The main focus of this program has been on space-based High-Energy Lasers (HEL) and Neutral Particle Beam (NPB) platforms operating in earth-orbit during the boost and midcourse phases.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-LR-112583
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-93-007434

Crevier, W.F., E.D. Lakasky and W. Scharf. "Evaluation of AURORA as a Tactical Source Region Simulation." Contractor report. Santa Barbara, CA: Mission Research Corp., February 1983. 67p.
Abstract: This memo compares the AURORA environment with that expected in an actual tactical source region environment. The primary interest in making the comparison is to evaluate the role that AURORA can play as a source region simulator for tactical systems of interest to the U.S. Army Comparisons are made between the electric and magnetic fields measured in AURORA and those computed using a four source model of AUR3D. Excellent agreement is found in the comparison between the magnetic fields. The computed electric fields show a fundamentally different behavior from those measured in AURORA.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A127 139

Cullen, J.W. and D.E. Remy. "Progress on the Preparation and Characterization of Some Alkynediol Oxalate Polymers." Final technical report. May-August 1987. Army Natick Research Development and Engineering Center, MA. 11 July 1988. 15p.
Abstract: The mechanism and effects of the interaction of high energy laser radiation with polymeric materials are of great interest to the military. One application is in the area of personnel protection from the hazards of directed energy weapons (DEW). Srinivasan and Leigh have studied the action of far-ultraviolet laser radiation on poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. Irradiation of the film caused etching to PET and formed gases such as CO, CO2, H2 and volatile organics such as benzene. The absorption of laser radiation leads to a very high concentration of free radicals in the surface layers of the PET film shortly afterward. The photoproducts (possibly in vibrationally excited states) are then ejected from the film surface and probably carry away the excess energy of the photon pulse. The result is that the photoetched film undergoes no significant temperature increase. Srinivasan and Leigh term this process an 'ablation'. Polyesters or polycarbonates should afford a greater degree of protection from a CO2 laser than other polymer types. Synthetic efforts toward more effective ablative polymers are described. Poly (1,4-but-2-ynedidyl) oxalate was prepared by transesterification of butyne -1,4-diol and diethyl oxalate. End group analysis by NMR indicated that average molecular weights were low. Several other synthetic procedures were investigated to increase the molecular weight of the polymer and are discussed. The related diacetylenic polymer poly (1,6-hexa-2,4-diyne)-diyloxalate, prepared by transesterification, could not be characterized because of the extreme thermal liability of it or a precursor.
REPORT NUMBER: NATICK/TR-88/073
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A212 076