Directed Energy Weapons: A Bibliography

Although there are a number of very relevant reports issued with distribution limitations (e.g. FOUO or DOD only) due to the public nature of this bibliography, this section includes unclassified/unlimited distribution references only. Abstracts were taken from various databases and were written by the authors of the documents cited or by the abstracting service from which the citations were generated not by the author of this bibliography.

Abbas, G.L. "Photonics Technology for Avionic Systems." In: AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference. 12^th DASC. Fort Worth, TX 25-28 October 1993. New York, NY: IEEE, 1993. p. 349-356.
Abstract: Over the last several years, it has become widely recognized that electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), high-intensity radio frequency (HIRF), and new threats, such as directed energy weapons, can jeopardize the flight safety of vehicles equipped with fly0by-wire (FBW) systems, unless adequate shielding precautions are taken. This leads to weight penalties which can be avoided through implementation of fly-by-light (FBL) systems.

Abbas, G.L et al. "Photonics Technology for Avionic Systems." Seattle, WA: Boeing Defense & Space Group, 1994. In: Laser Diode Technology and Applications VI, Los Angeles, CA, 25-27 January 1994. Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 2148, p. 280-291.
Abstract: Over the last several years, it has become widely recognized that electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), high-intensity radio frequency (HIRF), and new threats, such as directed-energy weapons, can jeopardize the flight safety of vehicles equipped with fly-by-wire (FBW) systems, unless adequate shielding precautions are taken. This leads to weight penalties which can be avoided through implementation of fiber-optic systems.

Acebal, R. et al. Science Applications Int. Corp., McLean, VA, 1987. "An integrated architecture analysis for affordability assessment (SDI)." In: Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 27-30 July 1987. p. 958-963.
Abstract: Deals with developing a method of selecting strategic defense system (SDS) designs from the multitude of options available in the areas of weapons; surveillance, acquisition, tracking and kill assessment; and battle management, command, control and communication. The defense system designer must seek out affordable concepts which balance the technology risk between subsystems. Hence, the problem entails seeking out a well defined methodology and analysis technique which allows the defense planner to construct attractive concepts that offer the required balance between tiers and subsystems. The Strategic Defense Simulation-Design To (SDS-DT) code provides the tool by which the system designer may: (1) design a family of defense system architectures each of which achieves a specified level of performance, (2) compute figures of merit allowing each architecture option to be evaluated in terms of technical risk, cost and sensitivity to countermeasures, (3) show the connection between the top-down derived requirements with the bottom-up technology derived capabilities, and (4) utilize a code which is user friendly and operates on a personal computer. The SDS-DT code has been used to perform a number of closely related studies for strategic defense systems. The results presented show analyses generated to evaluate the impact of a nuclear precursor and direct ascent anti-satellite attacks on leakage as well as the increment on total life cycle cost to maintain constant leakage. A target lethality study shows the effect of kill probability on leakage for directed energy weapons. The model's capability to conduct optimization studies on weapon parameters such as burnout velocity for rocket propelled interceptors is then presented. Finally, the model is used to show the effects of countermeasures such as fast burn boosters on leakage.

"Active Two Phase Cooling of Optics." Final technical report. January 22, 1988 - July 22, 1991. Progress report. Lancaster, PA: Thermacore Inc., 1991. 8p.
Abstract: Two phase cooling of a higher powered laser optics offers a significant potential to advance the state-of-the-art in laser mirror cooling. Significant improvements can be achieved through the transfer of heat via working fluid phase change rather than specific heat capacity. These benefits include reduced jitter, and reduced electrical power consumption. In one actively pumped two phase cooling scheme, a saturated liquid is mechanically pumped into a porous metal layer under the mirror face where a fraction of the fluid is vaporized. The vapor-liquid mixture then leaves the face area and flows to a condenser. The condensate recirculates back to the mirror in a closed loop process. Because the working fluids have high latent heats of vaporization compared to their liquid heat capacities, a significant reduction in flow rate and pressure drop is possible. Analytical and experimental work has shown that a favorable combination of low distortion and low jitter is achievable with this approach. Also, since two phase heat transfer coefficients increase with increasing heat flux, a two phase cooled optic will achieve a lower distortion under non-uniform beam profiles. Jitter data were collected at absorbed heat fluxes up to 80 W/cm (sup 2) using a molybdenum demonstration mirror with methylamine coolant at 20(degrees)C. Low distortion coefficients were used as a design goal for this program at an absorbed heat flux up to 100 W/cm(sup 2). A demonstration mirror was fabricated and tested for thermal/optical performance. Thermal performance levels in excess of 100 W/cm (sup 2) were demonstrated. Tests conducted at the TDTF showed thermal distortion coefficients at or below the design goal for absorbed heat fluxes up to levels in excess of 100 W/cm(sup 2). No other cooling approach has been demonstrated that uses a low flow rate, low-pressure drop cooling scheme, and demonstrates low jitter and low thermal distortion at absorbed heat fluxes near 100 W/cm(sup 2).
REPORT NUMBER: LA-SUB-93-300
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-94-008095

Adamski, John L. and D.A.G. Deacon. "FEL (Free Electron Laser) Optics Coating Test Program (Design Phase of Sample Introduction Chamber)." Final Report. Seattle, WA: Boeing Aerospace Co., February 1986. 76p. Prepared in cooperation with Deacon Research, Palo Alto, CA.
Abstract: The performance of the free electron laser for the directed energy weapons application depends critically on only three technologies: the high brightness accelerator, the FEL amplifier, and the cavity optics. Our goal in this program is to examine the performance of the optical elements under the combined loading of the fundamental and the harmonic emissions of the FEL amplifier. The performance of both the RF linac based FEL and the induction linac based FEL may be subject to significant limitations due to UV-induced absorption in the early optical elements following the FEL amplifier. These limitations are expected to appear suddenly at a certain fluence level, with little warning. Our central objective in this program is to measure the rate of the UV induced absorption, and to identify the scaling parameters so that we can predict with some confidence the performance limitations of the optics. When these limits are reached in the experimental programs, a knowledge of the scaling relations and possible countermeasures will be invaluable in planning an appropriate response to the problem.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A169 474

"Advanced Weapons Technology Area Plan FY96." Kirtland AFB, NM: Phillips Laboratory, January 1996. 31p.
Abstract: The FY 96 Advanced Weapons Technology Area Plan describes Phillips Laboratory's exploratory and advanced technology development in laser technology, beam control, imaging, RF weapons, and space control assessments. Each of these thrusts is described in terms of its user needs, goals, major accomplishments, changes from last year, and milestones.
PL-TM-96-1002
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A303 766 [also available via DTIC's Fulltext Technical Reports Internet Site]

"Aerial T1 EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) Effects Assessment." Volume 1. Final report. Bethesda, MD: Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Inc., 15 May 1987. 69p.
Abstract: The Office of the Manager, National Communications System (OMNCS) has undertaken the Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Mitigation program to support the survivability objectives addressed by National Security Decision Directive 97 (NSDD-97) and Executive Order 12472. The objective of this program is to mitigate the damaging effects of nuclear weapons on regional and national telecommunications capabilities. To meet this objective, the OMNCS has sponsored efforts to create a network-level model to assess the effects of high-altitude EMP (HEMP). In addition, the OMNCS has sponsored various efforts to collect the system-level HEMP effects data required to support the network-level model. The products of this model assist the NCS in identifying potential vulnerabilities of national telecommunications capabilities to HEMP and supporting National Security and Emergency Preparedness (NSEP) initiatives. This report presents an assessment of the survivability of aerial T1 systems in a HEMP environment. This effort includes a test program to collect the data required to assess coupling of incident electromagnetic fields to aerial T1 cables. Also this report documents the test activities and the data collected. It also reviews the results of the buried T1 system assessment and summarizes the relevant data. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn concerning the survivability of typical aerial T1 cable systems. Finally, recommendations are presented for addressing remaining issues relevant to this assessment.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A195 905

"Aerospace 2020." Volume 2-Main Report. Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, September 1997. 190p. See also AD-A331 359.
Abstract: Volume II, the main volume, of the report of the NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) study: Aerospace 2020'. This study explored the most advanced technologies, relevant to aerospace, being researched and developed in laboratories today. The study focused on the most promising current technologies and the organisational and tactical consequences they will have at the field and system levels, over the course of the next 25 years. Topics include: a discussion of the impact of proliferation, human-machine interaction, synthetic environments, directed-energy weapons, information technologies, unmanned tactical aircraft, suborbital launchers, hypersonic missiles, and a discussion of affordability issues. Technologies are assessed from the viewpoints of both potential capabilities and threats. Observations and recommendations are presented. Volume III contains technical papers in support of the conclusions reached. Volume I is a short summary of the conclusions.
REPORT NUMBER: AGARD-AR-360-VOL-2
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A331 358

"Aerospace 2020." Volume 3 - Background Papers. Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France: Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, September 1997. 142p. See also AD-A331 358.
Abstract: Volume III, the technical papers supporting the report of the NATO advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development (AGARD) study: Aerospace 2020'. This study explored the most advanced technologies, relevant to aerospace, being researched and developed in laboratories today. The study focused on the most promising current technologies and the organisational and tactical consequences they will have at the field and system levels, over the course of the next 25 years. Topics include: a discussion of the impact of proliferation, human-machine interaction, synthetic environments, directed-energy weapons, information technologies, unmanned tactical aircraft, suborbital launchers, hypersonic missiles, and a discussion of affordability issues. Technologies are assessed from the viewpoints of both potential capabilities and threats. Observations and recommendations are presented. Volume II contains the conclusions of the report. Volume I is a short summary of these conclusions.
REPORT NUMBER: AGARD-AR-360-VOL-3
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A331 359

Agenbroad, Jerald R. "Applicability of Lasers to Close Air Support for the United States Marine Corps." Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College, April 1988. 48p.
Abstract: A brief discussion of the rationale for having an aviation branch in the USMC precedes a more detailed background on the concerns and objectives of Close air support (CAS). This leads to the requirement for increasing the accuracy of the weapons in the CAS arsenal; hence, the exploration of laser designators, laser receivers, and laser guided weapons for employment in the conduct of CAS. The Marine philosophy for fire support coordination and the doctrinal prerequisites for the conduct of effective CAS are examined to assess the degree to which they have been impacted by the introduction of lasers. A description of the laser equipment in the Marine inventory is presented with an analysis of some operational considerations which derive from the characteristics of that equipment and laser energy in general. Following that background, two potential applications for lasers in CAS are analyzed: the use of laser technology for the terminal guidance of weapons, and the use of laser equipment as an augmentation to the communication process necessary for the conduct of CAS. The author presents his recommendations for using lasers in CAS and suggests a course for the USMC to follow in the future.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A202 645

Albridge, Royal G. et al. "Surface Reactions in the Space Environment." Final report. 1 November 1989-30 April 1991. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Univ., Center for Atomic and Molecular Physics at Surfaces. May 1992. 12p.
Abstracts: The object of this research program is to carry out experimental and theoretical studies of the detailed microscopic mechanisms by which electronic energy is absorbed, transported and dissipated in ionic solids. The ultimate aim of this program is identify and characterize essential constituent elements of comprehensive models which will quantitatively describe radiation-induced electronic phenomena. The theoretical and experimental aspects of the project have been carried out concurrently and interactively in order to realize the greatest scientific benefit from the collaboration. Throughout this project we have employed (1) experimental techniques already developed to monitor bulk and surface properties before, during, and after electron and photon irradiation and to characterize time and energy-dependent desorption phenomena, and (2) ab initio quantum-theoretical approaches to develop and refine computational models for determining properties of excited electronic states of relevant localized species. This research program bears directly on a broad spectrum of questions germane to the long-term operation of platforms in space, including structural, optical and electronic degradation of materials in the ambient near-earth environment, survivability under and hardening against irradiation from directed-energy weapons, vulnerability in disturbed nuclear atmospheres, and discrimination and sensing techniques based on radiation (glow) signatures.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-92-0424
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A250 624

Alvarez, R.A. "High-Power Pulse Propagation Experiments." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2 December 1986. 6p. In: General Meeting of the American Physical Society, New York, NY, USA, 16 March 1987.
Abstract: One of the questions that must be answered in assessing the potential of pulsed microwave beams as directed energy weapons is, ''What is the maximum pulse energy (and/or peak power) that can be delivered from a source to a target.'' Atmospheric breakdown caused by the electromagnetic fields of the pulse sets one limit on energy propagation, and the breakdown threshold was the subject of fairly extensive investigation a number of years ago. The evolution of microwave source technology has extended the parameter range over which propagation needs to be understood, and additional issues that have not previously been investigated experimentally have assumed a new importance. A new generation of experiments is underway, planned, or proposed to investigate these issues.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-95-773, CONF-870308-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-87-003441

Anselmo, Estelle R. "VAASEL-ANSYS Comparison for a Thermally Loaded Beam." Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Laboratory, August 1991. 16p.
Abstract: This report presents the results of calculating the deflection and stresses in a thermally loaded beam. Three different methods were used for the calculation: classical beam theory, ANSYS (Version 4.4) and VAASEL (Version 1.1). Comparisons between each of the methods are presented.
REPORT NUMBER: WL-TM-92-308-FIBE
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A251 003

Antinone, R. and W.C. Ng. "HPM (High Power Microwave) Testing of Electronic Components." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 10 May 1989. 79p.
Abstract: This report documents the results of a study of high power microwave (HPM) vulnerability of electronic components commonly used in weapon systems. The study was carried out at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from August through October 1988. The objective of this study was to determine the threshold levels for upset or disturbance and damage of the devices under test (DUT). In these tests pulsed microwave energy was directly injected into the terminal of the DUT and in most cases a 50-ohm microstrip test fixture was used to ensure that 50-ohm transmission was maintained as close to the DUT as possible.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-21687
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-89-016682

Argo, P.E. "HF Propagation Through Actively Modified Ionospheres." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, 1990. 9p. In: Ionospheric Effects Symposium, Washington, DC (USA), 1-3 May 1990. p. 542-549. [AD-A233 797]
Abstract: We have developed a computer modeling capability to predict the effect of localized electron density perturbations created by chemical releases or high-power radio frequency heating upon oblique, one-hop hf propagation paths. We have included 3-d deterministic descriptions of the depleted or enhanced ionization, including formation, evolution, and drift. We have developed a homing ray trace code to calculate the path of energy propagation through the modified ionosphere in order to predict multipath effects. We also consider the effect of random index of refraction variations using a formalism to calculate the mutual coherence functions for spatial and frequency separations based upon a path integral solution of the parabolic wave equation for a single refracted path through an ionosphere which contains random electron density fluctuations.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-90-906, CONF-9005150-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-008931

Arun, R.S. et al. "Systolic Algorithms for Imaging From Space." Final Report. 1 August 1986 ? 31 July 1989. Savoy, IL: Illinois University at Urbana, Coordinated Science Laboratory, 31 July 1989. 28p.
Abstract: The goal of the Strategic Defense Initiative is to develop technologies that can be used to defend against the threat of nuclear ballistic missiles. Primary components of a strategic defense system would be a high resolution sensing or imaging system for surveillance, acquisition, tracking, and overall monitoring of targets, and a weapons system possible utilizing directed energy or kinetic energy technologies for destroying targets. The research in this project was aimed at developing algorithms and CLSI architectures for high resolution imaging from space. The problems studied were from two major, related categories: algorithm definition and development, and VLSI implementation of signal and image processing algorithms. In the first category, the imaging problems studied were from synthetic aperture radar, high of the work was to find high-performance algorithms suitable for high-speed implementation on multi processor arrays. The second aspect of our work focussed on VLSI implementation of signal processors, the analysis of finite register length effects, and the development of short wordlength, low noise structures for signal and image processing.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A213 870

Ayres, V.M. "Nonlinear Analysis of Non-Neutral Plasmas." Report for 1 October 1986-30 September 1987. Silver Spring, MD: Naval Surface Warfare Center, 30 September 1987. 35p.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to incorporate nonlinear effects into the analysis of non-neutral plasma beams in order to accurately estimate their performance in realistic situations. Intense non-neutral plasma beams have important applications for DEW, SDI, high power microwave/millimeter wave production and particle beam guidance systems.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A192 506

Barnard, J.J. "High Spatial Frequency Thermal Blooming Instability: A Linear Stability Analysis." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, April 29, 1988. 24p. Presented at the Workshop on Physics of Directed Energy Propagation in the Atmosphere, Las Cruces, NM, 29 March 1988.
Abstract: The fine-scale thermal blooming instability is shown to be affected by the laser pulse length. In this study, we calculate the asymptotic gain of a sinusoidal perturbation as a function of pulse length and perturbation wave number. We include the effects of viscosity, diffusion, and wind shear, and we heuristically estimate the effects of turbulence. We find that for short laser pulses, the small wave perturbations are reduced due to acoustic effects. However, large wave number perturbations remain large and extend to a higher cutoff in wave number than in the long laser pulse limit. At wave numbers higher than this cutoff, thermal diffusion causes exponential decay of the perturbations. For long laser pulse length wind shear and turbulence limit perturbation growth.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-98068, CONF-8803106-1
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-88-010711

Barr, T.A., Jr. and W.B. McKnight. "Plasmas as Light Sources for Lasers." Huntsville, AL: Alabama, September 1984. 47p.
Abstract: This report describes an experimental and analytical investigation of the properties of high intensity, visible wavelength, light sources for optical pumping of pulsed lasers. Background information on research that may be applicable to this problem is presented, the experiment design is outlined and the results of system modeling are detailed. The experimental apparatus, consisting of a Blumlein pulse-forming network and a cylindrical plasma cell load, is described. The instrumentation use for the experiment is discussed, and experimental results are presented, together with a possible explanation of the optical radiation-time history of the plasma. Potential applications are evaluated and future development recommended.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A159 460

Baucom, Donald R. "Origins of the Strategic Defense Initiative: Ballistic Missile Defense, 1944-1983." Final report. Washington, DC: Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, December 1989. 406p.
Abstract: America's ballistic missile defense program may be said to have its roots in the V-2 attacks on London in 1944. This document traces the development of antiballistic missile defense policy from the V-2 attacks up to President Reagan's 1983 speech announcing the new strategic defense initiative. The history follows the policy debates from the NIKE-X, SALT I and SALT II, the ABM Treaty, and SAFEGUARD through research and development innovations in the areas of computers, optical sensors, interceptors, and directed energy weapons. The emergence of political organizations and individuals who either opposed or championed ballistic missile defense is also included.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A242 465

Bayer, G.C. "Training Implications of Directed Energy Weapons for the U.S. Army: A Preliminary Report" Final report. September 1983-September 1984. Fort Walton Beach, FL: Litton Systems, Inc., Mellonics Systems Development Division, October 1986. 109p.
Abstract: This report addresses the need to fill information gaps in training and doctrine on directed energy. A comprehensive presentation of nonclassified descriptions of directed energy types, employment possibilities, and appropriate countermeasures serves as the major portion of this report. Directed energy proliferation on the battlefield is a critical issue faced by commanders and soldiers alike. The results of a pilot test suggest that relatively simple training that can minimize directed energy weapon effectiveness on individual and crew performance can be developed and presented to soldiers. A closing issue is discussion of directed energy to generate widespread understanding of directed energy effects and capabilities and the need to reconsider the classification level of some information. A large body of directed energy information is currently held as sensitive when in fact it could be made available to concerned field commanders and trainers in general format. Specified classified details could easily remain sensitive while the release of common knowledge would permit trainers to develop comprehensive responses to the directed energy threat.
REPORT NUMBER: ARI-RR-1431
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A179 827

"BEAR Electrostatic Analyzer: Flight Results." Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM. 3 January 1990. 8p. In: Spacecraft Charging Technology Conference, Monterey, CA, 31 October - 3 November 1989.
Abstract: The Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) measured the intensity of charged particles returning to the BEAR payload during flight on 13 July 1989. These particles form part or all of the current that returns to the payload to neutralize the charge ejected with the beam. By measuring the return flux with high time resolution, we can study the physics of charging processes. When the neutralizer was off, the payload emitted 10 mA negative and charged to several hundred volts with a maximum of(approximately)800V. With the neutralizer on (normal configuration) the payload emitted (approximately) 1mA negative and received electrons with energies up to a few hundred volts in some attitudes. This suggests charging to a few hundred volts. The charging rate of the payload is consistent with the rocket body capacitance with respect to a vacuum.
REPORT NUMBER: LA-UR-90-296, CONF-89-103581
ACCESSION NUMBER: DE-90-006511

Benford, J. and J. Swegle. "Applications of High Power Microwaves." San Leandro, CA: Physics International Co., 1992. In: Intense Microwave and Particle Beams III, Los Angeles, CA, 20-24 January 1992. Proceedings of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol.1629, p. 69-80.
Abstract: There is a strong symbiotic relationship between a developing technology and its applications. New technologies can generate applications previously either unrealizable or impractical. Conversely, applications can demand the development of new technological capability. Examples of both types of development can be found in the evolution of high power microwaves (HPM). The high power and energy output made possible by HPM have created a technology driven interest in directed energy weapons and short pulse radar. On the other hand, the requirements for heating of fusion plasmas have resulted in an application driven program to develop high average power microwave devices. In this paper, the authors address these and other applications such as RF electron linacs, laser pumping, and beaming of power. Emerging applications, such as ionospheric modification and environmental cleanup, are also touched upon. Each application is reviewed separately and the requirements of the applications are compared in terms of the power, frequency and other key requirements necessary for HPM to usefully address the application.

Bengston, Joel, et al. "Emerging Technologies Program Integration Report. Volume 1. Narrative, Analyses and Assessment." Final report. McLean, VA: Science Applications International Corp., 4 May 1987. 144p.
Abstract: The objective of the Emerging Technologies Program is to identify key technology areas of high interest to the DoD, for investment purposes. The two volumes of the integration report assess and synthesize information gathered through a Delphi survey, defense needs prioritization workshops, and assessments of high priority areas. Volume I of the report contains the actual narrative, analysis, and assessments that have been developed; in Volume II are the background, Delphi and workshop data from which the analysis and assessments were drawn. The specific technologies considered are: command, control, and communications; directed energy; manufacturing; biotechnology; human factors; mobility, search and surveillance; and electronic warfare.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A196 733

Benham, R.A . "New LIHE (Light Initiated High Explosive) Test Capability for Spherical Targets." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., 1987. 2p. In: Annual SDI Technical Achievements Symposium, Washington, DC, 1 March 1987.
Abstract: A goal of the Defense Nuclear Agency Lethality and Target Hardening (LTH-3) Program is to assess the lethality of the x-ray laser against the SDI threat entourage of boosters, post-boost vehicles (PBVs), reentry vehicles, and defense suppression weapons (DSWs). A principal characteristic of the effects of the x-ray laser on such threats is the delivery of a cosine distributed impulsive load to exposed curved surfaces of the targets. The LTH-3 program is using test and analysis techniques to investigate the structural response of models of typical targets and target components subjected to impulsive flood loads. A new capability for testing spherical targets using Light Initiated High Explosive (LIHE) is the subject of this paper. Spherical targets are of interest to LTH-3 since vulnerable pressurant, propellant, and chemical reactant storage vessels in PBVs and DSWs are likely to be generally spherical in design.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-86-2366C, CONF-870398-1/Sum
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-87-003035

Bennett, W.H. et al. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of Flexible Structures." Annual report. September 1987-August 1988. Greenbelt, MD: Systems Engineering, Inc., 15 November 1988. 159p.
Abstract: The unprecedented requirements for rapid retargeting and precision pointing for spaced-based directed energy weapon platforms is the prime driver behind the reported modeling and control study. The combination of such requirements demand a comprehensive dynamic model of the nonlinear multibody dynamics of typical space platforms for such weapon including the interaction platform structural flexure effecting principal weapon system effective Line-Of-Sight. This report describes the first year effort of a three year project which focuses on: (1) the development of comprehensive; generic nonlinear dynamical models for typical space-based plat forms, (2) the development of high performance, nonlinear control laws for rapid slewing and precision pointing of primary weapon system payload apertures, and (3) the design of a series of laboratory experiments to verify and test the control laws developed. The validation of the analytical models and the required control theory for the resulting class of nonlinear system is described in this report. Simulation results are given for a simplified benchmark model of a space-based laser slewing control and consideration for compensation for structural flexure effecting optical LOS using optical steering mirrors is discussed.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-90-0201
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A218 372

Bennett, W.H. et al. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of Flexible Structures." Annual report. September 1988-August 1989. Greenbelt, MD: Techno-Sciences Inc., 12 December 1989. 128p
Abstract: Basic performance requirements for space-based directed energy weapons involve unprecedented requirements for integrated control of rapid retargeting and precision pointing of space structures. Multibody interactions excite nonlinear couplings which complicate the dynamic response. Attempts to reduce flexure response for such weapon platforms by passive techniques alone may be inadequate due to stringent pointing requirements. The principal objective of the research program is the validation and testing of high precision, nonlinear control of multibody systems with significant structural flexure where interactions arise due to rapid slewing. Dominant nonlinear couplings effecting LOS response have been identified based on a comprehensive model of the nonlinear multibody dynamics of a generic space weapon. The innovative approach to LOS slewing/pointing developed in this study is based on implementation of decoupling (by feedback control) of the principal nonlinear dynamics and structural flexure response. In this study we have focused on the implementation of partial feedback linearization and decoupling and have identified practical conditions for its implementation. A principal contribution of the study is the reconciliation of design of discontinuous control via sliding mode control with partial feedback linearization for rapid slewing of system effective LOS. The report includes extensive simulation and tradeoff studies of nonlinear control implementation of rapid slewing and precision pointing of a generic model of a space-based laser beam expander.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-90-0200
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A218 476

Bennett, H. et al. "Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of Flexible Structures." Final report. 1 September 1987-31 August 1990. Greenbelt, MD: Techno-Sciences, Inc., 10 October 1990. 142p.
Abstract: Basic system requirements for space-based directed energy weapons will require unprecedented levels of control system performance to achieve slewing maneuvers for rapid retargeting and precision alignment of structural components supporting optical system components. Rapid, multiaxis slewing maneuvers will excite multibody dynamics involving nonlinear interactions with structural flexure. Advanced methods of modeling multibody systems with structural flexure are described and several issues in modeling slewing and pointing maneuvers for multibody systems are discussed based on Lagrange's method. Advanced methods in nonlinear control system design based on dynamic inversion by feedback linearization are then applied to a generic model of a Space Based Laser system. Connections with methods of sliding mode control are described along with practical aspects of implementation. Reduced order modeling issues and implementation of feedback linearizing control for robust stabilization are described. Experiments are outlined for validation and demonstration of critical aspects of nonlinear control for rapid, large angle slewing and precision pointing.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-91-0051
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A232 795

Binhong, Li and Songcun Peng. "Theory and Simulent Design of a Type of Auto-Self-Protecting Optical Switches." Translation of Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao (China) 1984, n. 6, p. 11-23. Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Laboratory, 11 June 1990. 21p.
Abstract: As the use of lasers in the military and in the civilian economy increases with each passing day, it is often necessary for the human eye or sensitive instruments to observe weak lasers, such as the return waves of laser radar and laser communications signals; but it is also necessary to provide protection against damage to the eye from the strong lasers of enemy laser weapons. For this reason, it is necessary to have a kind of automatic optical self-protecting switch. Based upon a study of the transmitting and scattering characteristics of multilayer dielectric optical wave guides, a practical computer program is set up for designing a type of auto-self-protecting optical switch with a computer model by using the nonlinear property of dielectric layers and the plasma behavior of metal substrates. This technique can be used to protect the human eye and sensitive detectors from damage caused by strong laser beams.
REPORT NUMBER: FTD-ID (RS) R-0306-90
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A225 344

Bittel, R.H. et al. "RF and Laser Space-Based Communications Links: Another Perspective." In High Data Rate Atmospheric and Space Communications; Proceedings of the Meeting, Boston, MA, September 8-9, 1988. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1988, p. 20-27.
Abstract: The advanced technology required to achieve high data rate satellite-to satellite communications is presently being investigated. A comparison of RF with direct detection laser communications (lasercom) for application to high data rate Strategic Defense System (SDS) low and medium earth orbit crosslinks is presented. This comparison is based on near term technology suitable for early deployment in the SDS. The RF system is a millimeter-wave system operating in the 60 GHz region; the lasercom system is considered to operate in the near infrared, from 0.8 to 1.1 microns. The trades consider operation in benign as well as the very stressing environments postulated for the SDS which include low and high altitude nuclear bursts as well as the threat of space-based jamming sources and directed energy weapons. Results of the trade are presented to show the advantages and disadvantages of each type of system.

Blackfield, D.T. "NOISE: A Nonlinear Optimization Induction Free-Electron Laser Systems Engineering Code." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, August 1989. 36p.
Abstract: We have developed a computer code to assist in the design of a ground-based induction free-electron laser (FEL) proposed for construction at the White Sands Missile Range. Called NOISE (for Nonlinear Optimization Induction Free-Electron Laser Systems Engineering), the code contains algorithms for modeling and costing the eight basic IFEL assemblies (accelerator, amplifier, master oscillator, optical conditioning, controls and data acquisition, ancillary and alignment systems, prime power, and technical facilities). A set of nonlinear equations is used to optimize a figure of merit (FOM) subject to various engineering constraints. The FOM is typically total cost (less facilities costs) but may be any combination of variables used by NOISE. The NOISE architecture is highly modular so that assembly routines can be easily modified. Trade studies can be quickly performed over a wide range of dimensions (up to 34 variables with up to 12 constraints). In addition, NOISE contains a "spreadsheet" or benchmark mode that calculates feasible, but not necessarily optimized, design points. We review various nonlinear optimization techniques, show how the techniques influenced NOISE development, and describe in detail the code's subroutines and capabilities.
REPORT NUMBER: UCID-21543
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-90-004438

Bloomberg, H.W. "Importance of Secondary Electron Collisional Ionization (Avalanche) for X-Ray Pulses Incident on Missiles-in-Flight." Technical report. 1 February 1984-14 May 1985. Reston, VA: Beers Associates, Inc., 14 May 1985. 53p.
Abstract: This report present a series of contour plots for both strong and moderate avalanche on the electric field-pressure plane. Plots are given for effective electric field durations from 0.1 to 100 ns, consistent with times corresponding to X-ray pulse widths of interest in nuclear weapon effects. The computations were carried out with special concern for accuracy. The adequacy of the air chemistry data set is confirmed by comparison with experimental swarm data. The effect of the delay for the avalanche frequency to reach its steady state value is included in the calculations.
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A168 112

Bogan, W.R. "Comparison of EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) and HERO (Hazardous Electromagnetic Effects on Ordnance) Programs." Master's thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1988. 150p.
Abstract: Because of the unique features of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and Hazardous Electromagnetic Effects on Ordnance (HERO), much research and money has gone into protecting weapon systems and ordnance against it. The EMP and HERO phenomena do have a variety of differences and require differences of hardening technique to protect against it. However, they both involve radiation effects and can prematurely initiate ordnance via the electroexplosive device (EED). Protection of weapon systems and ordnance against electronic damage and upset plus EED initiation takes on more of an art form rather than science once basic principles are applied. Nevertheless by relating these two programs via the initiating temperature of the EED, they can be accurately compared with each other. Because of this observation, the two programs can be effectively combined to work jointly on ordnance hardening and protection including all forms of radiation type hazards, present and future.
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A203 924

Borg, E.J. et al. "AMC-SWMO Countermeasures Study. Volume 1. Guide to How Countermeasures Affect Smart Weapons." Final technical report. 29 September 1991-15 June 1992. Huntsville, AL: Dynetics, Inc., January 1992. 99p.
Abstract: This volume provides background technical and programmatic information on the complex subject of how smart weapons (SW) are affected by countermeasures (CM) on the battlefield. It defines CMs as devices, techniques, or actions that respond to a specific weapon or capability. The volume covers threat CMs and how US Army SW can be made more robust in a CM environment. It focuses on the technical details of threat CM classes. These are designated: signature alteration, decoys and deception; obscurants, and jammers and directed energy weapons (DEW). In additions to technical discussions on the CM classes, it also includes the process by which the Army incorporates CM effects into the design, analysis, requirements, definition and testing of SW. It gives the current roles and responsibilities of various government agencies involved in the CM assessment process. Guidelines and suggestions are presented and discussed to assist the smart weapon system program manager (PM) in ensuring that more CM robust smart weapons are developed. Although the PM is the primary focus of this volume, everyone involved in the SW and CM planning process should benefit from the information provided.
REPORT NUMBER: AMSMICR-SW-92-01
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A263 833

Borg, E.J. et al. "AMC-SWMO Countermeasures Study. Volume 1. Guide to How Countermeasures Affect Smart Weapons." Special report for period ending 19 June 1989. Chicago, IL: Tactical Weapon Guidance and Control Information and Analysis Center, June 1993. 110p.
Abstract: This volume provides background technical and programmatic information on the complex subject of how smart weapon sensors are affected by countermeasures (CMs) on the battlefield. This report defines CMs as devices, techniques, or actions that respond to a specific weapon action or capability. The subject of this volume will be threat CMs and how US Army smart weapons can be made to be more robust in a CM environment. The focus is on the technical details of threat CM classes. These classes are designated as: signature alteration, decoys, and deception, obscurants, and jammers and directed-energy weapons (DEWs). In addition to a technical discussion of CM classes, the process by which the Army incorporates CM effects into the design, analysis, requirements definition, and testing of smart weapons will also be discussed. The roles and responsibilities of various Government agencies involved in the CM assessment process are presented as it currently exists. Guidelines and suggestions are presented and discussed to assist the smart weapon system program manager (PM) in ensuring that more CM robust smart weapons are developed. Although the PM is the primary focus of this volume, everyone involved in the smart weapon and CM planning process should benefit from the information provided.
REPORT NUMBER: GACIAC-SR-93-01/VOL1
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A271 628

Borror, Sean L. "Star Calibration of the Pallet Inertial Sensor Assembly for the High-Altitude Balloon Experiment." Kirkland AFB, NM: Phillips Laboratory, 1995. In: The International Society for Optical Engineering Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing IX, 1995, Orlando, FL, April 19-20, 1995. Bellingham, WA: SPIE ? the International Society of Optical Engineering (SPIE Proceedings, vol. 2468), 1995, p.219-230.
Abstract: A gyroscope star calibration algorithm developed for use in the High-Altitude Balloon Experiment, a program to resolve acquisition, tracking, and pointing/fire control issues in support of future directed energy programs, is presented. The initial acquisition of a target from a free- floating balloon platform necessitates an inertial pointing capability. Gyroscopes are normally used to measure angular rotations with respect to an inertial reference frame. Given an initial attitude, the gyro measurements can be used to determine the altitude at any later time. For the High Altitude Balloon Experiment, GPS and a magnetometer are used to provide an initial estimate of the payload attitude. This paper describes a deterministic algorithm, which uses star sensors measurements to correct initial attitude uncertainty errors. In addition, a simple method for measuring gyro bias in flight is presented. The consequences of star sensor to gyro frame misalignment are examined for both rate gyros and angular pulse output gyros. This paper describes the algorithm used to meet the calibration accuracy required to inertial pointing of the gimbaled payload.

Boyer, K. "Directed Energy Beam Weapons." In: Electro-Culture '84; Proceedings of the Meeting, Arlington, VA, May 1-2, 1984. Bellingham, WA: SPIE ? the International Society of Optical Engineering (SPIE Proceedings, vol. 474), 1984, p.79-86.
Abstract: A development status assessment is made for neutral particle beam and free electron laser directed energy beam weapons, from the viewpoint of the stringent performance requirements imposed by the concept of layered defense in orbit against nuclear missile attack. Attention is given to the design features and operating principles of these devices; it is noted that free electron lasers for different wavelength regimes employ different electron accelerator technologies that will have to be individually developed. It is also noted that the RF racetrack free electron laser accelerator configuration furnishes high efficiencies at short wavelengths.

Boyer, William B. "Flexible Automated Waveform Recorder Data-Acquisition Program." p. 188-196. In IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. v. IM-33, 3 September 1984 Long Beach, CA. Sponsored by: IEEE, Society of Instrumentation & Measurements, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract: None available.

Brigge, Richard J. "Induction Linacs and Free Electron Laser Amplifiers." Berkeley, CA: University of California, Livermore Radiation Laboratory, March 20, 1986. 56p.
Abstract: The purpose of this conference, as I understand it, is to bring together the communities involved in fusion research with those involved in directed energy weapons research. Steve Dean pointed out in his opening remarks that there have actually been many connections in the past between activities in fusion research and directed energy weapons. The purpose of the Astron experiment was to generate plasma confinement through magnetic field reversal from a circulating electron ring. Next to the Astron fusion experiment was a buncher ring in which the electron beam from the Astron accelerator went around in a circle and over into a 60-foot propagation tank next door. The purpose of the buncher ring was to make a chopped electron beam to study beam propagation in air. This was a program called Seesaw, funded by DARPA. It started in the late 1950's, and the original purpose of that research program was to look at ballistic missile defense concepts with particle beams. Incidentally, the building that housed this experimental apparatus is currently the site of the large magnetic mirror experiment, MFTF. These investigations of field reversed plasma confinement states for magnetic fusion, the basis for Nick Christofilos' Astron concept, and the particle beam weapon research, both involved making new kinds of accelerators for very high beam currents, unprecedented in their day. The idea that was born out of this need was the linear induction accelerator.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-94312
ACCESSION NUMBER: AD-A339 022

Brown, P.S. "Requirements for the Development of Advanced Nuclear Weapon Concepts." Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 15 January 1990. 17p. In: Workshop on New Nuclear Weapon Concepts and Their Implications for International Security and Arms Control, Darmstadt (Germany, F.R.), 17-20 January 1990.
Abstract: In this paper, requirements for the development of advanced nuclear weapon concepts are discussed. This paper addresses third generation nuclear weapons, and the advance workshop literature describes third generation nuclear weapons as including earth penetrating warheads (EPWs) and maneuvering reentry vehicles (MARVs), as well as nuclear directed energy weapons (NDEWs). A historical context for the evolution of advanced nuclear weapon concepts is presented, discussing the types of advanced concepts and how they differ from conventional nuclear weapons currently in the stockpile. The policy context for doing R&D on nuclear directed energy weapons and how this R&D relates to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) is discussed. Some military requirements for the various advanced concepts and discuss potential missions are provided, indicating the potential advantages and disadvantages of the various applications. Arms control and stability considerations as they relate to the development of advanced concepts and the implications of the rapidly changing political relationships between the US and the Soviets, and between their respective allies are also discussed.
REPORT NUMBER: UCRL-JC-103507, CONF-900197-1
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-90-012465

Browning, J.S. "Single Event Upset from Neutral Particle Beams." Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Labs., 1989. 23p. In: SUBWOG-6P Joint US/UK Working Group, Livermore, CA, USA, 26-28 June 1989.
Abstract: Are single event upsets an important vulnerability or lethality issue for strategic systems. Neutron-induced single events have become a part of the vulnerability analysis for nuclear weapon environments, but there has been no serious consideration of proton-induced single events from neutron particle beam environments. Is this appropriate This paper examines this concept.
REPORT NUMBER: SAND-89-1749C, CONF-8906202-1
ACCESSION NUMBER:DE-89-015323

Burzynski, Richard and Martin K. Casstevens. "Chemical Processing of Novel Multifunctional Materials for Sensors Protection Against Laser Threats." Final Report. 15 September 1990 ? 15 May 1991. Amherst, NY: Laser Photonics Technology, Inc., 14 May 1991. 28p.
Abstract: There is an immediate need for the development of materials that could function to protect human vision and light sensitive equipment from laser based weapons. The goal of the just concluded research was to synthesize a compound that would incorporate a nonlinear two photon absorbing functional group adjacent to a photoreactive moiety, This innovative approach would lead to broad band high optical transparency at lower power levels and efficient and fast attenuation at higher power levels. The use of organic compounds in this application ensures that the molecular structure could be further optimized by careful adjustment of the molecular structure. The synthesized compound, anthracene leuconitrile, was found to be photochemically unstable and took and inappropriately long time for the reconversion from the absorbing to the transmitting form.
REPORT NUMBER: AFOSR-TR-91-0587
ACCESSION NUMBER:AD-A237 716