Remote Sensing from Air And Space (SPIE Press)

Remote Sensing Research Remote Sensing Center Site Remote Sensing from Air and Space guides you in the use of remote sensing for military and intelligence gathering applications. Applicable for students working on systems acquisition or for anyone interested in the products derived from remote sensing systems. R. C. Olsen of the Naval Postgraduate School offers an eclectic description of the technologies and underlying physics for a wide range of remote sensing systems, including optical, thermal, radar, and lidar systems. Book on Amazon.com: Remote Sensing from Air And Space (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM162)

Remote Sensing from Air and Space

Table of Contents
PREFACE VII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING 1
A Order of Battle 2
1. Air Order of Battle.................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Electronic Order of Battle..................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Space Order of Battle............................................................................................................................................ 6
4. Naval Order of Battle............................................................................................................................................. 7
B Imagery Survey 8
1. Visible .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
2. Infrared (IR).......................................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Radar (SAR) ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
C Three Axes 26
D Resources 27
E Problems 27
CHAPTER 2 ELECTROMAGNETIC BASICS 31
A The Electromagnetic Spectrum 31
1. Maxwell’s Equations .......................................................................................................................................... 31
B Polarization of radiation 33
C Energy in electromagnetic waves 33
1. Photoelectric Effect ............................................................................................................................................ 35
2. Photomultiplier Tubes ....................................................................................................................................... 37
D Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation 39
1. Line spectra ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
2. Black-body radiation .......................................................................................................................................... 42
E Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)–matter interactions 46
1. Transmission........................................................................................................................................................ 46
2. Reflection ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
3. Scattering.............................................................................................................................................................. 47
4. Absorption ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
F Problems: 50
CHAPTER 3 VISIBLE IMAGERY 53
A The first remote-sensing satellite: Corona 53
1. A little history....................................................................................................................................................... 53
2. The technology ................................................................................................................................................... 54
3. Some illustrations ............................................................................................................................................... 57
B Atmospheric Absorption, scattering, and turbulence 61
1. Atmospheric Absorption: Wavelength dependence............................................................................................... 61
2. Atmospheric Scattering ..................................................................................................................................... 62
3. Atmospheric Turbulence ................................................................................................................................... 64
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C Basic geometric optics 65
1. Focal Length/Geometry ..................................................................................................................................... 65
2. Optical Diagram: Similar Triangles, Magnification............................................................................................... 65
3. Aperture (F/stop) ................................................................................................................................................. 66
4. Image Formation by lens or pinhole ...................................................................................................................... 67
D Diffraction Limits: the Rayleigh criterion 67
E Detectors 70
1. Film ...................................................................................................................................................................... 70
2. Solid State............................................................................................................................................................ 71
3. Focal Plane Arrays.............................................................................................................................................. 75
4. Uncooled Focal Planes: Microbolometers ............................................................................................................. 76
F Imaging system types 76
1. Framing systems—mostly film systems (Corona) ................................................................................................. 76
2. Scanning Systems ............................................................................................................................................. 77
G Hubble: The Big Telescope 78
1. The Hubble Satellite .......................................................................................................................................... 78
2. The repair missions............................................................................................................................................ 81
3. Operating Constraints ....................................................................................................................................... 82
4. The Hubble Telescope ...................................................................................................................................... 83
5. Detectors - Wide Field Planetary Camera - 2 ........................................................................................................ 85
H Commercial remote sensing – IKONOS and Quickbird 88
1. IKONOS............................................................................................................................................................... 90
2. NOB with IKONOS: Severodvinsk ................................................................................................................... 91
I DMSP: Visible sensor, earth at night 93
J Exposure times 94
K Problems 96
CHAPTER 4 ORBITAL MECHANICS INTERLUDE 101
A Gravitational Force 101
B Circular Motion 102
1. Equations of motion.......................................................................................................................................... 102
2. Centripetal Force: ............................................................................................................................................ 102
C Satellite Motion: 103
D Kepler’s laws 103
1. Elliptical Orbits................................................................................................................................................... 104
2. Equal areas are swept out in equal times ............................................................................................................. 104
3. Orbital period: τ2∝ r3 ....................................................................................................................................... 105
E Orbital Elements 105
1. Semi-major Axis: a............................................................................................................................................ 105
2. Eccentricity: e or ε............................................................................................................................................. 105
3. Inclination angle: I............................................................................................................................................. 105
4. Right ascension of the ascending node - ?.......................................................................................................... 106
5. Closest point of approach (argument of perigee. or ω) ........................................................................................ 106
F A few standard orbits 106
1. Low-earth orbit (LEO)....................................................................................................................................... 107
2. Medium earth orbit (MEO)............................................................................................................................... 107
3. Geosynchronous (GEO).................................................................................................................................. 108
4. Molniya (HEO)................................................................................................................................................... 109
5. Summary Table – Illustrations........................................................................................................................ 111
G Problems 112
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CHAPTER 5 EO - SPECTRAL IMAGERY 115
A Reflectance of Materials 116
B Human Visual Response 117
C Landsat 117
1. Orbit ................................................................................................................................................................... 118
2. Sensor: Thematic Mapper............................................................................................................................... 119
D SPOT (Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre) 124
1. HRV sensor, pan/spectral—both 60-km swath.................................................................................................... 125
E Spectral Responses for the Commercial Systems 127
F Imaging Spectroscopy 128
1. AVIRIS................................................................................................................................................................. 128
2. Hyperion............................................................................................................................................................. 130
3. MightySat II - FTHSI ......................................................................................................................................... 131
G Problems 132
CHAPTER 6 IMAGE ANALYSIS 135
A Interpretation keys (elements of recognition) 135
1. Shape ................................................................................................................................................................. 135
2. Size ..................................................................................................................................................................... 135
3. Shadow .............................................................................................................................................................. 135
4. Height (depth).................................................................................................................................................... 135
5. Tone, or color .................................................................................................................................................... 136
6. Texture................................................................................................................................................................ 136
7. Pattern................................................................................................................................................................. 136
8. Association ........................................................................................................................................................ 137
9. Site...................................................................................................................................................................... 137
10. Time.................................................................................................................................................................. 138
B Image Processing 138
1. Digital numbers: pixels and pictures, histograms ................................................................................................ 139
2. Dynamic Range – snow and black cats................................................................................................................ 140
3. Filters.................................................................................................................................................................. 142
C Histograms and Target Detection 144
D Histograms, Spectral data and Transforms 145
E Supplemental Notes on Statistics 149
F Problems 150
CHAPTER 7 THERMAL INFRARED 155
A IR basics 155
1. Stefan-Boltzman Law ...................................................................................................................................... 155
2. Wien’s displacement law................................................................................................................................. 156
3. Stefan-Boltzmann: Radiance α T4 ................................................................................................................ 156
4. Emissivity........................................................................................................................................................... 156
5. Atmospheric Absorption.................................................................................................................................. 156
B More IR 157
1. Kinetic temperature ......................................................................................................................................... 157
2. Thermal inertia, conductivity, capacity, diffusivity ...................................................................................... 157
C Landsat 161
D Early Weather Satellites 162
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1. TIROS ................................................................................................................................................................ 162
2. NIMBUS ............................................................................................................................................................ 163
E GOES 164
1. Satellite and Sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 164
2. Weather and storms - Hurricane Mitch......................................................................................................... 166
3. Volcanoes and ash clouds.............................................................................................................................. 167
4. Shuttle launch: vapor trail, rocket................................................................................................................... 168
F Defense support Program – DSP 169
G SEBASS - thermal spectral 171
1. Hard Targets ..................................................................................................................................................... 171
2. Gas measurements - Kilauea – Pu ‘u ‘O ‘o Vent ................................................................................................. 172
H Problems 174
CHAPTER 8 RADAR 177
A Imaging radar 177
B Theory 178
1. Imaging Radar Basics...................................................................................................................................... 178
2. Range Resolution............................................................................................................................................. 179
3. Azimuth Resolution.......................................................................................................................................... 183
4. Beam Pattern and resolution ......................................................................................................................... 184
C Synthetic-Aperture Radar 187
D Radar Cross Section (σ) 189
1. Dielectric Coefficient: soil moisture .............................................................................................................. 190
2. Roughness......................................................................................................................................................... 192
3. Tetrahedrons/Corner Reflectors.................................................................................................................... 192
E Polarization 193
F Wavelength 194
G Vehicles 195
1. Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) .......................................................................................................................... 195
2. RADARSAT- Ship Detection........................................................................................................................... 199
3. European Radar Satellites, ERS-1, -2 .................................................................................................................. 200
4. Sandia Ku-Band Airborne Radar .................................................................................................................. 203
H Problems 205
CHAPTER 9 RADAR AND LIDAR 209
A Radar: Interferometry 209
1. Topographic Mapping ..................................................................................................................................... 209
2. The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping (SRTM) Mission................................................................................ 212
B LIDAR 216
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 216
2. OPTECH: Airborne Laser Terrain Mapper (ALTM)..................................................................................... 217
3. Bathymetry ........................................................................................................................................................ 220

Book on Amazon.com: Remote Sensing from Air And Space (SPIE Press Monograph Vol. PM162)